Nationalism Around the World 1919 1939 The Middle

• Nationalism Around the World 1919 -1939 – The Middle East • A. World War I Legacy – 1. Breakup of Ottoman Empire led to major changes in the map of Middle East and renewed conflicts over borders and authority » a. Armenian Genocide (***1896) 1915 -1918 Turks and Kurds killed an estimated 1 million Armenian Christians and deported thousands more from their villages during and after WWI due to their “support for Russia”

• B. Modernization of Turkey Under the Young Turks – 1. 1908 -1023 efforts for Turkish nationalism and removal of traditional monarchy (sultanate) in favor of establishing a republic – 2. Short war against Greece 1921 -1923 led to the popularity of Colonel Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who would become the new Turkish president » a. Promoted rapid industrialization, “de-Arabized” Turkish culture, limited democracy, and secular government » b. While not popular amongst all Turks, his legacy in creating a modern, stable nation in the Middle East after WWI is significant

• C. Modernization of Iran (Persia) Under Shah Reza Pahlavi – 1. Fall of Qajar Dynasty 1925 led to military coup d’etat and attempts by new monarch to reform, modernize, and strengthen the weak Persian state – 2. Renamed Iran in 1935, Pahlavi promoted westernization of schools, culture, and economics – 3. The Shah would grow close with Nazi Germany in the late 1930 s and Britain, Soviet Union, and U. S. would help replace him with his son Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in 1941 – 4. Iranian society would struggle with issues of Westernization, dictatorship, and economic disparities over the decades leading up to the Islamic Revolution of 1979

• D. Arab Nationalism Hindered by WWI? – 1. Goals for a wide reaching Arab nation were negatively affected by a League of Nations decision to establish British and French mandates due to confusion over Arab leadership and borders – 2. Saudi Arabia established its independence in 1932 under the King Abdul-Aziz Ibn Saud – 3. Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Palestine remained under combined British and French control – 4. Palestine Issue Complicated Matters- Zionism vs. Arab Nationalism » a. 1917 Balfour Declaration indicated British Parliamentary support for a Jewish state which contradicted 1916 British support for an Arab state

• II. Nationalism in Africa and Asia – A. African Colonial Protests • 1. 1920 s- Numerous movements for independence from Britain, France, Belgium arose after WWI due to desires for national identity and national freedom – a. Nigeria, Kenya, Libya, South Africa, etc. – 2. Some movements were violent while others were peaceful and used the power of the press through newspapers and lobbying European governments for change

• 3. African National Congress (established in 1912) continued to pursue justice and equality for nations under foreign rule across the African continent and policy of Pan-Africanism • 4. Key African leaders mixed traditionalism with modernism and promoted unity of people toward common goals throughout 1930 s, 40 s, 50 s, 60 s – a. Nelson Mandela, Harry Thuku, Jomo Kenyatta

– B. Indian Nationalism • 1. Indian National Congress formed in 1885 to promote Indian Independence Movement • 2. Leaders Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mohammad Ali Jinnah often disagreed on the course of the movement and means of achieving goals for India

• 3. Gandhi became figure head for the movement due to both his modern intellectual abilities and his ability to relate to traditional Indians who were suffering under British rule – a. Mahatma- “great soul” given as name for Gandhi due to his level of self-sacrifice and commitment to the well-being of the Indian people • 4. Civil Disobedience- use of non-violent tactics to intentionally break unjust laws/policies to bring about change – Ex. Homespun Boycott, Salt March, Hunger Strikes • 3. Jinnah and the Muslim League eventually called for creation of separation of Muslim Pakistan from Hindu India which complicated the nationalist movement in the 1930 s

• III. Nationalism in East Asia – A. Japan’s Militarism and Expansion • 1. Meiji Era (1870 s) to Taisho Period (1920 s) brought about heightened level of government-industrial-military relationship • 2. Zaibatsu- large corporations that controlled major segments of banking, manufacturing, insurance – Ex. Mitsubishi, Toyota, Yamaha • 3. Conservative Japanese leaders demanded that cooperation with Western powers stop and that Japan take control of its own affairs – – a. 1 st Sino-Japanese War 1894 b. Russo-Japanese War 1905 c. Korean Annexation 1908 d. 2 nd Sino-Japanese War 1931

– 5. Extremist political parties promoted the ideology of the Japanese race as superior to all (Black Dragon Society) • B. China’s Revolution Turns To Civil War – 1. 1920 - central government was failing due to competing factions of Guomindang Nationalists, the Chinese Communist Party, and numerous regional generals – 2. Temporary truce between Sun Yat-Sen’s Guomindang and the CCP was destroyed after his death – 3. Shanghai Massacre 1927 - Guomindang leader Chiang Kai-Shek attacked CCP and attempted to establish control over Chinese government from Nanjing – 4. Mao Zedong’s CCP went into hiding, formed the People’s Liberation Army, and used guerrilla tactics to undermine Chiang Kai-Shek’s government • a. Long March 1934 - Struggling PLA was able to avoid total annihilation by Nanjing forces and slowly gained popularity through living among the peasants and promising them a better future through communism

• 5. Chiang Kai-Shek’s Republic continued to struggle through the 1930 s due to numerous reasons – a. Public dislike for leader – b. Gaps between rich and poor – c. Divide between rural and urban people – d. Illiteracy of population – e. Public opposition to “Western” style of government – f. Lack of land reform and redistribution of wealth

• IV. Nationalism in Latin America – A. Great Depression and Latin American Economy • 1. Largely agricultural and export-based economy was negatively impacted by the global depression of the 1920 s and 1930 s • 2. Latin American citizens resented U. S. influence over industries in their respective countries and saw the U. S. as an “economic imperialist” – Ex. Oil, Fruit, Railroads, Shipping, Mining, Panama Canal

– B. Authoritarian Regimes Emerge in the 20 th Century • 1. Causes: military officials saw strict government as the only effective means of combating Marxism in Latin American countries • 2. Caudillos: military strongmen who made key promises of preserving stability which appealed to wealthy and poor people alike through patriotism – a. Juan Peron in Argentina 1943 -1973 – b. Getulio Vargas in Brazil 1930 -1945 – c. Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico 1934 -1940

• 3. Caudillos were known for one-party rule, censorship of media, torture, execution IN ADDITION to nationalizing major industries and bringing businesses under government control – Ex. PEMEX- oil and gas company in Mexico – C. Latin American Public Sentiment Grew Anti. American • 1. Critiques of U. S. emerged due to American support for caudillos in the 1940 s and 1950 s