Growth of Nationalism in Europe Nationalism Nationalism was

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Growth of Nationalism in Europe • Nationalism => __________________________________________________ • Nationalism was originally a

Growth of Nationalism in Europe • Nationalism => __________________________________________________ • Nationalism was originally a liberal idea (i. e. revolutionary or new) in that it promoted greater freedoms and independence from monarchs -- However, by the 1860’s some absolutists began to use the idea to promote unity underneath a nationalist monarchy § Nationalism was THE most powerful political force in Europe during the 19 th century => contributed to unity among many European states -- Exs: _________________Unification § Nationalism also contributed to the decline of diverse states (ethnically, religiously) like the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire § Nationalism in the 20 th century provided the impetus for many anticolonial movements that sought independence from European powers

German & Italian Unification • By the 1850’s momentum was building in Germany &

German & Italian Unification • By the 1850’s momentum was building in Germany & Italy for unification => ________(Italy) & ________(Germany) made it possible § Strong identification in common language & cultures Italy • Cavour used his position as PM of Sardinia to build a strong army and focused on economic expansion & unification • Cavour used a military alliances with France & Prussia to defeat the Austrians/French and annex Lombardy & Venetia, Papal States & Lombardy § Garibaldi’s Red Shirts took over Kingdom of Two Sicilies => turned over lands to Cavour and united all Italians under one Italian monarch Germany • By late 1800’s Prussia, under King Wilhelm II, had come to dominate German states w/ strong military and authoritarian state • PM Otto Von Bismarck stripped German parliament of power, expanded military and used it to unify Germany § Austria-Prussian War (1866) => established dominion over Austria & consolidated power of German state within German provinces § Franco-Prussian War (1870) => defeated France easily and took Alsace & Lorraine (German speaking but French identifying)

Italy in 1859

Italy in 1859

German Empire (2 nd Reich) in 1871

German Empire (2 nd Reich) in 1871

Contraction of Ottoman Empire • Anti-Imperial resistance & Nationalism led to the contraction of

Contraction of Ottoman Empire • Anti-Imperial resistance & Nationalism led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the 19 th century (“_______________”) § Ottoman Empire was a very multiethnic empire (European, African, Arabic, Turkish, etc…) with many different religions (i. e. Orthodox Christians, Muslims, Jews) -- Ideology of nationalism started to tear groups apart in 19 th century • By the 1800’s the Ottoman Empire was weak and had lost much of its power & military might § Provincial governors in Arabia led by House of Saud organized a revolt and declared their independence from the Turkish Ottomans -- Other provincial governors used Ottoman weaknesses to keep higher % of tax revenue => Ottomans couldn’t fund military & bureaucracy § Janissaries became corrupted and resisted modern changes to army’s structure (feared it would reduce their power over Sultan)

Contraction of Ottoman Empire #1: _______________movements => due to Janissary abuses and growth of

Contraction of Ottoman Empire #1: _______________movements => due to Janissary abuses and growth of nationalism many Balkan peoples rebelled against Ottoman rule • Saw identity linked to language & religion versus territory § ___________ (1817) => Serbian nationalists defeated rebel Ottoman janissaries in 1817 to gain independence § _________(1821) => Greek nationalists revolted against the Ottomans and with aid of Russia, France and Britain secured independence in 1830 § Other Balkan provinces of Bulgaria, Romania and Bosnia-Herzegovenia gained independence or separation from Ottomans by 1870’s #2: Semi-independence in_________________ • In North Africa Ottoman weakness led to local governors gaining considerable power and autonomy => appointed by Ottoman Sultan § Exs: dey of Algiers, Pasha of Tripoli, _____________in Egypt #3: British influence in Egypt • Egyptian leader __________set out to modernize Egypt in the aftermath of Napoleonic conquest in 1803 => became semi-independent military governor § Ali imported Westerners and built modern cotton factories => used a newly trained modern army to revolt against Ottoman Sultan in 1839 -- Ali was defeated by French and British => wanted to keep Ottoman areas weak so as to dominate trade in region § Egypt was not independent but Ottoman Empire exercised little authority => instead Britain controlled area economically -- Forced Egypt to reduce tariffs and import British textiles, built _____

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Muhammad Ali in Egypt Muhammad Ali was an Albanian military officer who gained control

Muhammad Ali in Egypt Muhammad Ali was an Albanian military officer who gained control of Egypt after recapturing it from France in 1803 => tried to modernize nation along European lines until the Europeans put a stop to it in the 1830’s

Thomas Macauley, Minute on Education (1834) “I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or

Thomas Macauley, Minute on Education (1834) “I have no knowledge of either Sanskrit or Arabic – but I have done what I can to form a correct estimate of their value. . . I believe that it is no exaggeration to say, that a single shelf of a good European library was worth more than the whole native literature of India and Arabia. . . In every branch of physical or moral philosophy the relative positions of the two nations is the same. ”

European Enlightenment • Enlightenment was a movement that challenged established tradition & society =>

European Enlightenment • Enlightenment was a movement that challenged established tradition & society => application of _____________________to all areas of life (reform society) § Wanted to discover “laws” that governed human actions & societies => discovery through observation and study § Discussed ideas in salons & coffeehouses => gathering of intellectuals • Major Figures and ideas. . . § French Philosophes => intellectuals from upper or middle class that led the ideas and direction of movement (capital = Paris) -- __________=> Spirit of Laws studied systems of government; concluded a separation of powers & democracy best govt -- _______=> championed deism (idea that GOD is a watchmaker); use of science & rationalism for decisions instead of religion & superstition § ___________=> discussed social contract theory; govt agreement with citizens where they give up rights to have others protected § _____________=> wrote Leviathan which emphasized Social Contract theory and natural rights of man -- All men are born with right to “Life, Liberty and property” -- Father of liberal and republican thought => believed that right to govern rested with the people (republicanism)

Enlightenment Salons

Enlightenment Salons

European Coffeehouses were the gathering place of many figures of the Scientific Revolution and

European Coffeehouses were the gathering place of many figures of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment => coffee was viewed as a beverage that stimulated the senses and thought via caffeine

Revolutionary Documents famous Passages • “We hold these truths to be self evident, that

Revolutionary Documents famous Passages • “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. . . ” • “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights “ • “The hatred that the peninsula inspired in us is greater than the ocean between us. ”

Social Effect of Enlightenment • Not only did Enlightenment span political movements and rebellions,

Social Effect of Enlightenment • Not only did Enlightenment span political movements and rebellions, but it also led to social movements and changes. . . #1: Expanded suffrage • Britain expanded male suffrage in a series of ________ => by 1867 working class men in urban areas can vote in elections (1884 = countryside) § Many other nations did also => US expansion to “common man” by dropping property requirements; 1875 French Constitution gave all males right to vote for lower house of Parliament • Many nations also adopted women’s suffrage laws by early 1900’s => British and American women’s movements most vocal § Am. reformers like ______________advocated for full equality at ____________(1848) => formed NWSA -- 19 th amendment passed in 1919 § British women like Emmaline Pankhurst engaged in protest => throwing eggs at male MP’s, angaged in “stunts” -- British women given right to vote by 1930 (women over 30)

Social Effect of Enlightenment #2: End of Slave Trade and Slavery => Prior to

Social Effect of Enlightenment #2: End of Slave Trade and Slavery => Prior to 1750, most Europeans considered the slave trade to be a legitimate industry • After 1775 a strong abolitionist movement started in Britain § ____________________formed and lobbies for an end to slave trade => women play a major role § __________& former slave Oladuah Equiano were the #1 advocates • In 1807 Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807, outlawing the African Trans -Atlantic slave trade (not slavery) § British created the___________, to police coast (10% shipments) -- Forced compliance in Caribbean and Americas as well § Many Western nations followed suit => US in 1807; others in 1830’s • Slavery though, remained in place in American South, Caribbean and Brazil => used for cash crop production and hard to eliminate due to planters § ____________after Civil War => 13 th amendment & Emancipation Proclamation (still had segregation and Jim Crow laws) § _______abolished slavery in 1888 after a prolonged war with Paraguay § Caribbean nations abolished slavery last w/ Spanish still using slavery in Puerto Rico & Cuba by 1886 => still required service to masters for years • Other forms of coerced labor often replaced end o slavery in many areas => i. e. growth of indentured servitude (China, India & SE Asia) in the late 1800’s

British West Africa Squadron

British West Africa Squadron

Social Effect of Enlightenment #3: Abolition of________________ • In 1861 Tsar Alexander II abolished

Social Effect of Enlightenment #3: Abolition of________________ • In 1861 Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom in a bid to help modernize Russia and avert an armed rebellion § Allowed serfs to own property, marry as they chose, move freely & vote § Russian govt. purchased land from lords for peasants => Q: Quality? ? ? § Russian government also set up the local Mir system to secure repayment in installments from all peasants => tied peasants to land -- Led to return of subsistence agricultural production

What is a Revolution? ? ? Rev·o·lu·tion (revəˈlo o. SH(ə)n/) => 1. a dramatic

What is a Revolution? ? ? Rev·o·lu·tion (revəˈlo o. SH(ə)n/) => 1. a dramatic and wide-reaching change in the way something works or is organized or in people's ideas about it. 2. a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system (i. e. the American Revolution) • Exs of Political Revolution => American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin American Wars of Independence Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix

Crane Brinton’s Stages of a Revolution • In 1938 Crane Briton’s wrote The Anatomy

Crane Brinton’s Stages of a Revolution • In 1938 Crane Briton’s wrote The Anatomy of a Revolution in which he examined 4 major revolutions and tried to find commonalities • Brinton compared revolutions to a disease with a high fever § Just as immune system fights off disease & your body returns to its original condition, revolutions fade to a state similar to the one replaced • Brinton identified 4 stages to a Political Revolution. . . Stage One: Pre Revolution • Economic Crisis prompts action by government => Taxation? ? • Sense of government injustice and class antagonism begins • Weak rulers => often autocrat w/ absolute power (rule fails) • Intellectual opposition forms => ideology of revolution • Symbolic actions provide lightning rod for opposition Stage Two: Early Revolution => Rule of the Moderates • Massive protests occur • Military victory occurs or moderates gain power peacefully • Moderates try and enact reforms w/o violence or extremism • Factions exist but tend to get along => some small scale violence may occur

Crane Brinton’s Stages of a Revolution Stage Three: Crisis Stage => Rule of the

Crane Brinton’s Stages of a Revolution Stage Three: Crisis Stage => Rule of the Radicals • Radicals take control of govt => moderates driven from office or killed • Civil War or foreign war occurs => Crisis intensified • Power is centralized in a revolutionary council or a few radicals => dominated by strongmen or military leaders • “Justice” or violence is dispensed on a large scale => usually in the form of terror as revolution turns in on itself • Often original leader is killed at this point • Forced conformity to revolution and “gospel” of revolution spread Stage Four: Recovery Stage • Radicals are put down => often assassinated • Rule often returns to autocrat • Return of pleasure, religion, status quo • Aggressive nationalism replaces revolution in many cases • People trade freedom for security and peace

The Guillotine

The Guillotine

French Tricolor => when France was invaded the Jacobins said “we will incite a

French Tricolor => when France was invaded the Jacobins said “we will incite a war of people against kings. . . Ten million Frenchman, kindled by the fire of liberty and armed with the sword of freedom, we will fight with reason against tyranny and make the tyrants tremble on their thrones. ”

Central and South America Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin

Central and South America Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin

Latin American Dates of Independence

Latin American Dates of Independence

Comparative Constitutional Experiments in North & South America North America South America Mother Country

Comparative Constitutional Experiments in North & South America North America South America Mother Country had parliamentary government => colonial governments had constitutional model Mother country governed by absolute monarchs => colonial governments had authoritarian models Colonies had previous experience with popular politics => had own representative assemblies that operated for decades prior to independence Colonies had no experience with popular politics => colonial governments led by authoritarian creoles and peninsulares Military leaders were popular (i. e. Washington and Jackson) but they did not take over government as military commanders, but elected leaders=> constitutional principle was that military is subordinate to civilian government Had difficulty subduing power of military leaders => set into place tradition of military juntas and rulers overthrowing civilian governments American Revolution occurred in 1770’s => vulnerable new nation emerged at an advantageous time (world economy expanding & Europe distracted by other events) Latin American Revolutions occurred during the early 1800’s, a time when the world economy was contracting, a less advantageous time for new nations (also Europe had established firm authoritarian control again)

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements • The age of Revolution in Europe gave rise

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements • The age of Revolution in Europe gave rise to 4 new ideological movements #1: Conservatism => After the defeat of Napoleon & end of French Revolution monarchs moved to restore the old order at the ____________ § Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia were led by Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich => wanted to restore conservativism § _____________ => rule by monarchs, establishment of strong religious authority, anti-nationalist, refusal to grant civil liberties & representation -- Supported by monarchs, nobility, church and govt officials § Nations agreed on a principle of intervention => right to use military forces to suppress revolution & support monarchs in European states -- Met regularly in early 19 th century => Congress of Europe § Strongest in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia by 1900 #2: ________=> rise of liberalism after Fr. Revolution opposed conservatism § _________=> general ideals of liberty and equality in all areas of life -- Political: guarantees of civil liberties in a document, separation of church & state, peaceful protest, rep. govt by elites -- Economic: laissez faire capitalism (lack of government intervention) -- Supported by middle classes => Liberalism was NOT democracy. . . Liberals believed in propertied elites holding power** -- Strongest in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands by 1900 § In general in Europe after 1815 governments were under much pressure to

Congress of Vienna -- 1815

Congress of Vienna -- 1815

Examples of “Liberal” Achievements by 1900 Political • Unification of Germany & Italy; independence

Examples of “Liberal” Achievements by 1900 Political • Unification of Germany & Italy; independence for Greece, Albania and many other Balkan nations; Belgian independence from Netherlands • Creation of Const. monarchy in France and a dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary; elected assemblies in Germany, Italy and Russia • Expanded suffrage for British subjects in Voting Reform acts => by 1867 working class men in urban areas can vote in elections (1884 = countryside) • Destruction of Concert of Europe after the Crimean War => Austria refused to aid Russia; Britain and France aided Ottomans to check Russian expansion Social • Abolition of slave trade in 1807 – 1835; abolition of slavery by 1870’s; end of serfdom in Russia in 1861 • Germany => state programs for health &accident insurance and pensions § Health Insurance Bill provided basic health insurance for German workers => 1/3 cost paid by employers, rest by employees § Accident Insurance Bill of 1884 => Paid for disability benefits (2/3 of wages) for workers disabled on industrial jobs (agriculture later) paid by employers § Old Age and Disability Bill of 1889 => workers over 70 get a pension • Britain => laws restricting child and women’s labor § Factory Act of 1833 => min age for mills at 9, children 9 -13 can only work 8 hrs a day and must receive 2 hrs of education § Mine Act of 1842 => prohibits all boys and girls age 10 and under from working underground in coal mines

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements #3: ____________=> political ideology stressing people’s membership in a

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements #3: ____________=> political ideology stressing people’s membership in a national community defined by common culture, language, history & territory § I. e. “Americans”, “Italians”, “Japanese” => despite large differences, one nation § Nationalism was originally a liberal idea (i. e. revolutionary or new) in that it promoted greater freedoms and independence from monarchs -- However, by the 1860’s some absolutists began to use the idea to promote unity underneath a nationalist monarchy (i. e. Russia, France) § Nationalism was THE most powerful political force in Europe during the 19 th century => contributed to ________among many European states -- Exs: German & Italian Unification § Nationalism also contributed to the _____________(ethnically, religiously) like the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire -- Greek independence, Young Turks movement § Nationalism in the 20 th century provided the impetus for many _________________that sought independence from European powers -- i. e. Sepoy Rebellion in India, Boxer Rebellion in China § Nationalism was also behind the beginning of the __________in early 20 th century => founding of a Jewish state in the Middle East -- Led by Theodor Herzl => proposed solution for anti-semitism in Europe

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements #4: Radicalism => during 19 th century, some who

Ideological Consequences of Revolutionary Movements #4: Radicalism => during 19 th century, some who were frustrated by lack of change and progress turned to more radical movements • _________=> use democratic processes to improve conditions & rights § Advocated by Henri Saint Simon in France § Socialist Parties => German Social Democratic Party (SPD) was organized in 1875 and ran in the Reichstag elections -- By 1912 it was the most populous party in Reichstag => other socialist parties not as successful but did gain some reform (Britain, France) -- In 1889 the _________(gathering of Socialist leaders) was called to promote socialism in Europe => due to division they were unsuccessful -- Did institute May Day or Labor Day holidays in many nations § Socialist uprisings => _________in France, Austria, Germany • ____________=> writings of Karl Marx discussed forceful takeover of the government by socialists who would promote equality via govt policies § Envisioned the eventual rise of a society based on equality and lack of classes, $$, private property etc…. => total communal bliss *“Revolutionary Socialism” * § Some examples of “communist revolutions” => Russia in 1917; China in 1946, Vietnam in 1950’s (none played out as Marx had envisioned) • __________=> belief that well trained fanatical revolutionaries could perpetrate violence and destabilize states & institutions § Main method was assassination => i. e. Tsar Alexander II in 1881

“The age of gold and opportunity is before us! The key to progress is

“The age of gold and opportunity is before us! The key to progress is to organize society so that the ‘parasites’ [the church, the king, the aristocracy] give way and allow the ‘doers’ [the working class] to run society” -- Henri Saint Simon Henri Saint-Simon

Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Imperial Reform Movements • During the 19 th century the Qing &Ottomans had difficulty

Imperial Reform Movements • During the 19 th century the Qing &Ottomans had difficulty holding their large multiethnic empires together in the face of European challenges § Both responded to frequent rebellion and nationalistic sentiments with focused reform efforts. . . Ottoman_____________ • By 1840 the Ottoman Empire had been rocked by decades of revolts => Greek & Albanian independence mvts; quasi-independence of Egypt § Powerful Islamic ulamas & janissaries opposed reform due to fear it would weaken their power § Sultan Abdul Mejid responded with the _________=> series of reforms aimed at secularizing, modernizing & westernizing Ottomans #1: Elimination of _______law => passage of secular legal codes & use of civil service exam for government officials #2: Religious tolerance and equality under law for Christians, Jews & Muslims #3: Equalized ___________(non-muslims and muslims) & modernized tactics of Ottoman soldiers #4: New methods of tax collection => elimination of tax farming & head tax #5: Emulation of European universities => medical schools, military schools

Imperial Reform Movements • Dawn of modern, secular thought and rule in Middle East

Imperial Reform Movements • Dawn of modern, secular thought and rule in Middle East § Emulation of European dress and thought became fashionable § Led to decline in power of Islamic ulamas and also a decline in women’s power and participation in public life (Shar’ia law still used in family law) • Reforms led to limited success in _______w/ Russia (1853 -1856) but the reason for Ottoman victory was European aid (Britain & France) § The only reason the Ottoman Empire survived was due to aid and loans from French & British => wanted to maintain balance of power -- Ottoman territory served as a buffer from Russian expansion § Ottoman Empire hobbled along with increasing western influence => Ottomans lowered tariffs & western goods flooded markets -- British & French granted extra-territoriality rights

Modernized Ottoman Troops after Tanzimat Reforms Ottoman troops adopted European style dress and headgear

Modernized Ottoman Troops after Tanzimat Reforms Ottoman troops adopted European style dress and headgear => no brims on hats. . . Q: WHY?

Crimean War (1854 -1856) Crimean War began over religious pilgrimage to the Holy Land

Crimean War (1854 -1856) Crimean War began over religious pilgrimage to the Holy Land but was really about the Eastern Question => i. e. should the Ottoman Empire exist & if not who should acquire its territories

Imperial Reform Movements Chinese Self Strengthening Movement • The Qing empire by late 1870’s

Imperial Reform Movements Chinese Self Strengthening Movement • The Qing empire by late 1870’s was also in bad shape => they had suffered a humiliating defeat in the Opium War & were rocked by Taiping Rebellion § After Taiping Rebellion local military commanders kept units intact & used them to collect local taxes from populations • Reform minded Chinese officials began the_____________ § Adoption of Western technology while preserving Confucian principles and institutions => “East for Essence, West for Practical Use” § Qing attempted to build up modern industrial base with construction of RR, shipyards and modern weapons (ships, etc…) => halfhearted effort § Idea was opposed by conservative Confucian officials like Zhang Zhidong and the ___________=> meant few reforms ever attempted • Due to failure of Self Strengthening movement China lost overwhelmingly to Japan in 1895 Sino-Japanese War => lost control of Korea § Total Manchu collapse was averted by the __________=> Europeans would take not colonies in China (market open to all)

Confucian Officials on SS Movement “The doctrine of people’s rights will bring us not

Confucian Officials on SS Movement “The doctrine of people’s rights will bring us not a single benefit but a hundred evils. Are we going to establish a parliament? . . . Even supposing the confused and clamorous people are assembled in one house, for every one of them who is clearsighted, there will be a hundred others whose vision is clouded; they will converse at random and talk as if in a dream – what use will it be? ” -- Confucian official Zhang Zhidong

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century • The Industrial

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century • The Industrial Revolution and the new secular focus of European society brought great advances and change in many areas of society #1: Art => largest movements of the 1800’s were reactions to society and events of the century. . . Romanticism, Realism & Impressionism § ______________: reaction to the French Revolution idea that society could be remade & reshaped -- Focused on feelings & emotions, beauty of nature, idealized the past, focused on nationalism in culture (i. e. Folk traditions) -- Major artists: Ludwig Beethoven (5 th Symphony; music), Victor Hugo (Les Miserables; literature) & Eugene Delacroix (art) § __________: reaction to science & crushing of 1848 revolts -- Focused on realistic depictions of common people, sought to depict realities of life -- Major artists: Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary; literature), Edouard Manet (art) § ___________: reaction to camera and complex ideas of reality -- Focused on depicting the feelings, mood of a scene through use of color and shape -- Major artists: Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, Auguste Renoir

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century #2: Science =>

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century #2: Science => new advances lead to many modern improvements • Faraday, Edison and Tesla added _______to modern day cities => allowed illumination, new electrical appliances and power generation • Louis Pasteur developed the _____________=> revolutionized scientific understanding of disease, how it spread. . . § 1796 Jenner created 1 st vaccine for smallpox § Led to urban planning => i. e. sewage systems, trash disposal. . . • Darwin’s _____________(Origin of Species, 1859) § Basic idea = all plants and animals had evolved over a long period of time from earlier simpler forms of life -- Also argued for Natural Selection => “survival of the fittest”; best traits passed on via evolutionary processes § Some used to promote racism with science of _______=> study biological characteristics and rationalize some humans “more evolved” • Scientific developments during this time promoted an ever greater secularization of society => religions reacted sharply

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century #3: Feminism =>

Culture & Society in the West during the 19 th century #3: Feminism => by mid 19 th century an international movement for increased female equality had emerged (centered in western society) • Feminism challenged accepted social role of women in society • Feminists started by advocating for the right to own property =. Achieved in Britain (1870); Germany (1900) and France (1907) • Women also wanted job equality => ___________pioneered nursing techniques (changing sheets, emptying toilets outdoors) • Many nations also adopted women’s suffrage laws by early 1900’s => British and American women’s movements most vocal § Am. reformers like Elizabeth Stanton & Susan B Anthony advocated for full equality at Seneca Falls Convention (1848) => formed NWSA -- 19 th amendment passed in 1919 § British women like Emmaline Pankhurst engaged in protest => throwing eggs at male MP’s, engaged in “stunts” -- British women given right to vote by 1930 (women over 30)

Mass Migration Activity Q’s: Why did your family migrate to Shippensburg? What reasons brought

Mass Migration Activity Q’s: Why did your family migrate to Shippensburg? What reasons brought them here? How did they get to Shippensburg (i. e. method of migration)?

Mass Migration in the 19 th Century • During the period 1750 -1900 migration

Mass Migration in the 19 th Century • During the period 1750 -1900 migration patterns changed significantly on a global scale and the pace of migration accelerated significantly. . . § ~ 100 Million people migrated long distances => 10 -15% of total pop. ** Q: Why change in patterns and scale of migration? ? ? ** #1: Population Growth • Due to improved sanitation and improved medicine world population growth accelerated significantly => ____________after 1800 • Periods of relative peace in certain areas also led to accelerated population growth (i. e. Europe. . . too busy fighting on other continents) • Changes in food production also led to great rise in population => more large scale industrial farming using machinery like combines, reapers § “__________” in US and elsewhere § New technology like ___________made food supply reliable #2: New Modes of Transportation • Advent of ________________led to more opportunities for migration => time and cost greatly reduced • Due to methods of transport migration during period increasingly accelerated urbanization => migrants settle in urban communities

World Population Growth by Century Q: What drove population growth prior to 1750? What

World Population Growth by Century Q: What drove population growth prior to 1750? What drives population growth after 1750?

Year Est. World Population Growth Rate 100, 000 BCE 30, 000 BCE 8000 BCE

Year Est. World Population Growth Rate 100, 000 BCE 30, 000 BCE 8000 BCE 3000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 CE 1000 CE 1200 CE 1400 CE 1600 CE 1700 CE 1800 CE 1950 CE 2000 CE 10, 000 500, 000 6 Million 50 Million 120 Million 250 Million 400 Million 375 Million 578 Million 680 Million 954 Million 1. 6 Billion 2. 5 Billion 6 Billion 0. 56% 1. 25% 4. 33% 4. 47% 7. 62% 0% 26. 49% -3. 18% 24. 15% 17. 65% 40. 29% 71. 28% 139. 74% 462. 42%

World Demography (by region) 1750 to 1900 1700 1870 1913 Western Europe 81. 4

World Demography (by region) 1750 to 1900 1700 1870 1913 Western Europe 81. 4 187. 5 261 Asia 374. 8 730. 6 925. 9 Africa 61 90. 4 124. 7 Latin America 12 40 80. 5 United States 1 40. 2 97. 6 World 603. 4 1, 270 1, 791 Figures based on David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? • Migrants during

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? • Migrants during the 19 th century followed a few distinct patterns for specific reasons. . . #1: European Migration => from 1750 to 1900 over 50 M Europeans migrated • Many populations were trying to escape bad conditions in Europe § _________of 1840’s; __________in Russia (i. e. 1882 “May Laws”); _________in Northern Europe; Industrial pollution • Many more were attracted by growing job opportunities overseas => European pop doubled from 1850 to 1914 (265 M to 470 M) § Migration centered on world’s temperate zones => i. e. US, Canada, Siberia, Chile, Argentina, South Africa, Australia & N Zealand o ____________offered free passage to skilled Europeans to develop industries => by 1910 30% of Argentine population was foreign o Poor immigrants saw _____________=> from 1830 to 1910 US received close to 30 M immigrants (urban factories) -- Gold Rushes in 1849, 1898 also attracted immigrants o Many Britians also migrated to overseas British colonies => ______ like Rhodesia (coffee farming), South Africa (gold, diamonds), Australia & New Zealand (gold, pastoralism) -- Australia was also a _________for early years in 1800’s => convict labor imported from Britain on Australian beef farms

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? #2: African Migration

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? #2: African Migration => between 1750 and 1870 over 2 M Africans were forced to migrate due to slavery (not outlawed in Brazil until 1888) • Forced to work long hours in __________jobs in the sugar and coffee plantations of the Caribbean and Brazil #3: ________________________=> between 1830 and 1913 30 -40 M Indians and 15 M Chinese migrated • Chinese were escaping overcrowding, as well as civil wars (i. e. Taiping Rebellion) & foreign conflicts (i. e. Opium War) that brought famines • Indians were escaping overcrowding & British rule in India and the lack of rights & opportunities they had there • Many Asians migrated to SE Asia & Pacific Islands (i. e. Indonesia) to pursue economic opportunities (coffee, sugar and rubber plantations) due to ________________________ • Many Asian migrants worked manual labor jobs under the terms of __________________________ § Worked on Caribbean islands, Pacific (i. e. Hawaii; Fiji), Brazil & S American colonies (Guineau) § Ind. servants received small salary, medical care, housing, food & passage in exchange for _____years labor (5 more years = return passage) § Conditions on plantations were brutal and hours sometimes long => contracts not always followed

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? • Chinese laborers

Mass Migration of the 19 th Century – Why? Who? Where? • Chinese laborers were imported on the West Coast of US and Canada to build transcontinental RR’s (US = 300, 000 + Chinese) • Some Asian workers also engaged in temporary or seasonal migration § Japanese agricultural workers migrated to Pacific islands to harvest crops and then returned home § Chinese laborers traveled to US to work & save $$ => returned to China 5 -10 years later #4: Internal Migrations • Russians migrated in large numbers to ______=> some forced (labor camps for convicts or persecuted; others for fur trade or other opportunities • Many in US migrated West (___________) => engage in mining (gold, silver), farming (new land available) or ranching § Many African Americans also migrated to northern cities to escape racial persecution from segregation & KKK

Impacts of Migration • Such widespread migration had many effects during the time period.

Impacts of Migration • Such widespread migration had many effects during the time period. . . #1: Urbanization => migrants to certain areas (i. e. European migrants to US & S. America) primarily settled in cities and thus increased urbanization #2: Gender Roles => Asian migrants tended to be male (physical nature of labor) and thus women adopted new roles in China and India #3: Overwhelming of Native cultures => in US & Australia the large number of immigrants and settlers overwhelmed Native Americans and Aboriginees • Andrew Jackson’s removal of Cherokee Nation from Georgia on Trail of Tears => death of 1/3 of tribe due to disease and starvation #4: Creation of _______Immigrants created ethnic enclaves in new nations => i. e. ___________________in many American cities like NYC, DC § Immigrants in some areas tried to resist acculturation => adoption of customs, values and behaviors of host nations -- Establishment of parochial schools, sports and leisure societies • Most immigrants eventually did adapt and integrate into host nations => cultural mixing added diversity to societies § I. e. languages (Yiddish & Italian), food (Italian, Japanese, Chinese cuisine in US), music & dance (Argentinian Tango transformed by Italian instruments)

Impacts of Migration #5: Regulation of flow of Immigrants • Many societies became overwhelmed

Impacts of Migration #5: Regulation of flow of Immigrants • Many societies became overwhelmed with immigrants (esp. US) and residents engaged in prejudice and xenophobic reactions § Nativist movements in US discriminated against Catholic immigrants => feared impact on US culture and resistance to assimilation -- Some social scientists argued that Italian immigrants were inherently more violent and less honest than W. Europeans • Some government passed restrictive laws regulating immigrants § ______________(1882; US) => Chinese immigration was banned in US from 1882 until 1942 due to xenophobic reactions -- Residents blamed Chinese for job competition, unemployment -- Chinese forced to attend segregated schools in California § ____________________(1900; Australia) -- Chinese and Pacific islanders were blamed for low wages and gold field competition in 1900’s => Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 -- _____________was a series of laws passed up until 1950’s that gave preference to British migrants over Asian -- Policy excluded immigrants who could not pass a 50 word dictation test => usually given in English

Chinese Exclusion Act -- 1882

Chinese Exclusion Act -- 1882