Nationalism Revolution Around the World Chapter 27 How

Nationalism & Revolution Around the World Chapter 27 How did nationalism affect the world in the interwar years?

Section 1: Struggle for Change in Latin America • The Mexican Revolution • What were the causes? – Secondary Causes – Sources of discontent • Wealthy landowners benefited • Peasants living in deep poverty • No land or education • Peasants, factory workers (earned meager wages) and middle class liberals (democracy) – resented Diaz dictatorship – Primary Causes: • Francisco Madero – 1910 demands free elections • Diaz resigns in 1911 • Madero becomes president but is murdered in two years • Struggle for power Radical leaders – North – Pancho Villa – fought for personal glory, but won many followers – South Emiliano Zapata – Indian tenant farmer demanded land reform for peasants

Effects of the Mexican Revolution • What were the effects? – 1. Much bloodshed and death – 2. 1917 – Venustiano Carranza conservative – elected president • Constitution – – Addressed 3 major issues: land, religion and labor » Nationalization – government take over of natural resources » Broke up large estates » Limits foreign ownership of Mexican land » Returns some Indian lands » Gives government control of church land » Sets minimum wage for workers » Protects the right of workers to strike » Gives all men the right to vote » Grants women some new rights

Effects of the Mexican Revolution • 3. Social Reforms – Schools and libraries were set up – Helped some Indian communities regain lands – Supported labor unions • 4. Economic nationalism – emphasis on domestic control of the economy • Determined to develop own economies and economic dependence. – After WWI trade fell off with Europe – Great depression – no demand for LA goods – price of imports rose • • • Local entrepreneurs set up factories Urged government to raise tariffs Other LA nations follow Mexico’s lead Limited success 5. Cultural Nationalism – Pride in ones own culture – Murals on buildings – Diego Rivera

The Good Neighbor Policy • During the Mexican revolutions the US supported leaders who it thought would protect its investments • In the 1930’s, Franklin Roosevelt abandoned the Roosevelt corollary • Which had been used to justify American intervention • US withdrew troops in Haiti and Nicaragua • Lifted the Platt amendment in Cuba – Pro-American Sentiment

Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East • Resentment after World War I – Why? • Colonial Powers sought to strengthen ties and increase exploitation Kenya – ID Cards White settlers forced Africans off the best land Restricted where they could live and travel Africans forced to work on plantations to pay taxes Lost self – sufficiency and dependent on European goods – Land converted to cash crop growers – – – Many western – educated Africans could not hold the best jobs – Excluded from political life

Resistance • Squatters – settled illegally on white – owned plantations • Formed unions • Some read Lenin’s works and believed that imperialism was the final stage of a corrupt capitalistic society – Socialism had found a new audience

Apartheid in South Africa • Apartheid – Goal – Ensure White economic power – Restricted better paying jobs for whites – Black South Africans had to carry Id badges – Evicted from the best land – The little voting rights that some educated blacks had were taken away • Nationalistic Movements – African churches and newspapers demanded rights – 1912 – Formation of the African National Congress (ANC) – Efforts so far had no effect on the white government of S. Africa

Pan - Africanism • Pan – Africanism – unity of people of African descent • Pan – African Congress - W. E. B. Dubois – Forge a united front – Met in Paris @ the Peace conference – During the Allied conference – Called nations to sign a charter of rights for Africans. – Western powers ignored demands • Negritude Movement • French Speaking countries in Western Africa and the Caribbean celebrated African’s cultural heritage

Egypt WWI – Provided food and workers to help Britain United behind Wafd party Islamic Brotherhood brought Islamic nationalism to Egypt 1922 the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent • Troops stayed there to guard the Suez Canal and was the real power behind the king • •

Modernization in Turkey & Iran • Mustafa Kemal – Ataturk – “Father of the Turks” – Overthrow western occupation – Declared Turkey a republic – goal was to Modernize Turkey along western lines and create a secular state that separated religion from government

Ataturk & Turkish Modernization • Westernization – Secularization – Replaced Islamic Law with new law code based on European models – Forced people to wear western clothing – Replaced Arabic with western script – Closed religious schools and opened state runned schools – Women – no longer had to veil their faces • Allowed to vote • Polygamy outlawed • Freedom to work outside the home – Industry expanded • Hired westerners to advise n how to make Turkey economically independent

Iran • Reza Khan – a navy officer overthrew Shah – Pahlavi Dynasty • Rushed to modernize Iran – Won better terms from Britain company that controlled oil – Strengthened army – Transportation System – W. Alphabet – Western Clothing – Encouraged women to take part in public life – Muslim religious leaders condemned efforts

Arab Nationalism & The Mandates • Pan-Arabism – built on shared Arab heritage • Recalled the golden age of Arab history – sought to free Arabs from foreign domination • At Peace conference Ottoman minorities promised independence – not administered

Palestine & The Balfour Note • Zionist movement – During WWI – vague promises from Britain • Promised Arabs own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands • Balfour Declaration 1917 – to win support of European Jews – Supported the idea of setting up a national home for the Jewish people without doing anything that may predjustice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities – 1930’s – Rise of anti-Semitism in Europe – Seek safety in Palestine – Some Jews bought land from Arab landowners and then forced Arab tenant off the land – Jewish factory owners refused to hire Arabs

Section 3: India Seeks Self Rule • • • Amritsar Massacre: Causes: – British General Dyer had outlawed public meetings – Peaceful crown gathers and British open fire and kill over 350 and wound over a thousand – Britain promised Indians greater self government after the war, but they never fulfilled that promise Effects: – Indian feelings in the INC changed from pushing for self rule to full independence from Britain

Mohandas Gandhi • • Joined a law firm in S. Africa – faced racial predjustice Fought laws with non-violent resistance – Satyagraha “Soul Force” (his nonviolent passive resistance) – Ahisma – ancient doctrine of non-violence and respect for life – Rejected Caste system inequalities and embraced western thought such as democracy and nationalism as well as Christian thought – Refused to obey unjust laws – civil disobedience – Organized boycotts of British goods – especially textiles and encouraged people to wear home spun cotton clothing (called a dhoti) – Symbol is the spinning wheel

The Salt March • Causes: – British Salt Monopoly – could only buy British Salt – Indians were forbidden to touch the salt on the coast • Events – March 12 – March to the sea gathered followers as they marched – April 6 – Gandhi touched the salt on the coast and was jailed

The Salt March • Effects: – Followers sold salt on the streets – Countries began writing stories about the brutality administered to the Indians by the British • How do you think Indians were viewed in newspapers around the world? – Non-violence persevered and Britain began to hand over power to the Indians

Muslim vs. Hindu • • • Tensions between the two groups – Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Supported a separate Muslim state Tensions lead to Britain partitioning the subcontinent – Pakistan for the Muslims and India for the Hindus – Britain worked to keep the population divided, why? – Sikh and Hindu mobs slaughtered Muslims going into Pakistan, Muslims massacred Hindus Gandhi used satyagraha to try and restore peace – Famous hunger strike – He was killed by a Hindu extremists in 1948

Section 4: Upheavels in China • • The Chinese Republic – 1911 Qing dynasty collapsed – Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild China based on the Three Principles of the people Internal Problems – 1912 Sun Yixian steps down in favor of a powerful General Yuan Shikai • Hoped Yuan would restore order and set up a strong central government – He tried to set up a dynasty with him as emperor – military did not support him – Foreign Imperialism • During this time of chaos, foreign powers increased influence over Chinese affairs • Ports dominated by foreign merchants, missionaries and soldiers • Japan – 1915 – During World War I – Japan presented Yuan Shikai with 21 demands – goal was to make China a Japanese protectorate – Japan finally given German possessions – When he died in 1916 the country was plunged into civil war

May Fourth Movement • • 1919 – Goal was to Strengthen China Student protests against imperialism erupted on Beijing and later spread in China Students organized boycotts of Japanese goods. – What do you think their goal was? – How is China going to fight off European influence and imperialism? • Look to West to modernize – looked to democracy and nationalism to solve China’s problems Women campaigned to end arranged marriages, footbinding and the seclusion of women in the home

Marxism in China • Marxism – Why would Marxism appeal to the Chinese? – USSR more than willing to train Chinese to become vanguard or elite, leaders of the communist revolution. – Russian revolution model of how a strong wellorganized party could transform a nation – 1920 s – Chinese communist party formed

The Guomindang • • Sun Yixian – Guomindang (Nationalists) – Gov’t in S. China – Wanted to defeat the warlords and reunited China – Western powers ignored please for help in building a democratic China Sun Yixian dies in 1925 – Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-Shek) takes over as head of the Guomindang – 1926 succeeds in marching into N. China - Guomingdang – support of the landlords and business leaders – Communists winning converts of the small proletariat – 1927 – Guomingdang slaughtered Communist party members and workers who supported them – Result of this massacre was a civil war that lasted 22 years

Mao Zedong • Mao believed that communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but among the large peasant masses. Why? • Mao and the communists organized peasants in S. E. China – giving them land, schooling and healthcare • Jiang Jieshi wanted to destroy “Red Bandits” – Extermination campaign

Marxism in China • • The Long March – 1934 Mao and 100, 000 followers fled the Guomingdang – Faced daily attacks – Symbol of communist heroism – Soldiers had to follow three main rules: • Obey orders, “do not take anything from the people and turn in everything you capture • In additions, treat peasants politely, pay for goods they wanted and avoid damaging crops In the end communists set up base in remote area of N. China

Japanese Invasion • Japanese invasion – 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria in N. E. China – Jiang’s own generals didn’t understand why they would continue to fight other Chinese (communists) when they should be working together to fight the Japanese – Forced to Combine efforts – 1937 Japan strikes again – overran eastern china • Set up Puppet government in Nanjing – former nationalists capital • Brutality into the city- “Nape of Nanjing” • Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians – and they brutalized still more.

Section 5: Empire of the Rising Sun • 1920’s – Japan moving toward greater democracy – Emperor Hirohito 1929 -1989 – Political parties grew stronger / elected members of the Diet exerted their power – 1925 – Adult men won the right to vote – Women’s suffrage 1947

Empire of the Rising Sun • Economic growth – During WWI – Japanese economy grew – trade with allies – Zaibatsu influenced politics 1920’s – Pushed for policies to favor international trade and their own interests – Japan signed agreement with the US and Britain to limit the size of its navy – in the spirit of world peace

Empire of the Rising Sun • Serious problems – Economy grew slowly after WWI – DISCONTENT • Rural peasants enjoyed none of the prosperity of city – dwellers • Factory workers – low wages – Attracted to socialism – Younger generation in cities adopted western fashions and rejected family authority – During the 1920’s Conservatives (military officers) blasted government corruption, including payoffs by powerful zaibatsu • Condemned western influences for undermining basic Japanese values of obedience and respect for authority

Empire of the Rising Sun • • Economic disaster – Military and Ultranationalists condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop overseas expansions – Outraged by Racial policies in the US – Took great pride in their achievements and history and resented the treatment by the Americans – Nationalists wanted to expand – Raw materials and land for population Militarists in power – Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government – Briefly occupied Tokyo – Civilian government survived but by 1937 forced to accept military domination – Cracked down on socialists and most democratic freedoms – Revived ancient culture and built a cult around the emperor who was believed to descended from the Sun goddess

Empire of the Rising Sun • Renewed Expansion – 1939 - WWII spread to Asia – Manchurian Incident 1931 • Set up explosives on Japanese owned Railroad tracks • Claimed China did it • Japanese took over • Set up a puppet government Manzhouguo – League of Nations condemned activity