Muscle Physiology Outline I III IV V VI

Muscle Physiology

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

1 - Skeletal Muscle Structure – Muscle = group of fascicles – Muscle fibers extend length of muscle from tendon to tendon

Motor units • Motor unit: Composed of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates • There are many motor units in a muscle • The number of fibers innervated by a single motor neuron varies (from a few to thousand) • The fewer the number of fibers per neuron the finer the movement (more brain power) • Which body part will have the largest motor units? The smallest?

Components of a muscle fiber

Muscle fiber components • Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane • Sarcoplasma: muscle cell cytoplasm • Motor end plate: contact surface with axon terminal • T tubule: cell membrane extension into the sarcoplasm (to reach the myofibrils) • Cisternae: areas of the ER dedicated to Ca++ storage (located on each side of the T-tubules) • Myofibrils: organized into sarcomeres Figure 12. 2 (2 of 2)

The sarcomere • The myofibrils are organized into a repetitive pattern, the sarcomere • Myosin: thick filament • Actin: thin filament • Bands formed by pattern: A and I and H bands • Z line: area of attachment of the actin fibers • M line: Myosin fiber centers

The sarcomere Figure 12. 5 d

Myosin structure • Many myosin molecules per filament, golf club shape • Long tail topped by a thickening: the head forms crossbridges with the thin filament • Presence of the enzyme, ATPase in the head release energy for contraction

Actin structure • Formed by 3 different proteins: - globular (G) actins: bind to myosin heads - tropomyosin: long, fibrous molecule, extending over actin, and preventing interaction between actin and myosin - troponin: binds reversibly to calcium and able to move tropomyosin away from the actin active site Figure 12. 4

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

2 - Muscle contraction: Cell events Figure 11. 13

Synaptic events • The AP reaches the axonal bulb • Voltage-gated calcium channels open • The influx of calcium in the bulb activates enzymes the vesicles containing the neurotransmitter molecule dock and release the neurotransmitter in the synapse • The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles is always acetylcholine • The receptors on the muscle fiber are cholinergic receptors • These receptors are nicotinic (fast) acting receptors

2 - The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle

Figure 12. 7

• http: //www. black wellpublishing. co m/matthews/myo sin. html • http: //www. ebsa. o rg/npbsn 41/intro_ muscle. html Figure 12. 6

Muscle relaxation • Ach is removed from the receptors by acetylcholinesterase • Ligand-gated Na+channels close • Na/K pumps reestablish the RMP • Ca++ ions leave troponin and are brought back into the cisternae (this process needs energy) • Tropomyosin moves back over the actin active site • The myosin heads release their binding to actin • The filaments passively move back into resting position

Applications • Myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disease where antibodies against the Ach receptors are produced. Which consequences do you expect? • Muscular dystrophy: some proteins forming the muscle fibers are abnormal. Which consequences do you expect? • Curare binds to the Ach receptor without activating them. What are the effect of curare on the skeletal muscle? • The botulism toxin prevents the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse. What will be the consequence? • Nerve gas inhibits acetylcholinerestase present in the synapse. What will be the consequence? •

• Rigor mortis: why does the body stiffen shortly after death?

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

3 - Muscle contraction: Mechanical events • 1 stimulation 1 twitch • Muscle twitch: 3 phases: - latent phase - contraction phase - relaxation phase ☻ do not confuse the AP and the twitch!!!

Figure 12. 16

Events during the twitch • Latent phase: Stimulus to beginning contraction: AP to myosin binding to actin active site • Contraction phase: beginning to end of muscle tension myosin heads slide along the actin filaments • Relaxation phase: peak tension to no tension Ca++ ions moved back into the cisternae, tropomyosin moves back over actin, myosin head release actin and the filaments move back into resting position

Figure 12. 18

Isometric/isotonic contractions • Isometric: muscle contraction without movement no muscle shortening • Isotonic: muscle contraction with movement muscle shortens

Effect of consecutive stimuli: Treppe • Treppe: gradual increase in contraction intensity during sequential stimulation • Might be due to calcium ions accumulating in the cytoplasm with each stimulation Figure 12. 15

Summation and tetanus • Summation: Rapid sequence of stimuli muscle twitches fuse into each other, each subsequent one being stronger that its precedent (due to Ca++? ) • Tetanus: very rapid sequence of stimuli: no relaxation Figure 12. 17

Recruitment • An increase in force is made possible by recruiting more motor units • Muscles have various sizes of motor units allows them to adjust the size of the effort to be made • Activating motor units alternatively allows the muscle to sustain contraction with minimal fatigue Figure 12. 19

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

IV- Muscle metabolism • Muscle fibers use ATP (only first few seconds) for contraction • ATP must then be generated by the muscle cell: - from creatine phosphate, first - from glucose and glycogen - from fatty-acids ATP formation from the above compound is possible if oxygen is present (oxidative phosphorylation: 36 ATP per glucose) Oxygen is delivered to the muscle by myoglobin, a molecule with high affinity to oxygen and related to hemoglobin

If the effort is strong and sustained, the muscle might not have enough oxygen delivered to it by myoglobin anaerobic glycolysis with only 2 ATP formed per glucose and synthesis of lactic acid Consequence of anaerobic metabolism? Figure 12. 11

Muscle fatigue • Muscle fatigue: a decline in the ability of the muscle to sustain the strength of contraction • Causes: - rapid build-up of lactic acid - decrease in oxygen supply - decrease in energy supply (glucose, glycogen, fatty-acids) - Decreased neurotransmitter at the synapse - psychological causes

Effects of exercise on the muscle • Aerobic exercises: long sustained exercises promote increased oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber increased blood vessel supply, increased mitochondria • High intensity, short burst exercise: increased glycolytic activity increased synthesis of glycolytic enzymes, increased synthesis of myofibrils (increased muscle size)

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

V- Types of Muscle Fibers • Various muscles contract at different speed composed of different types of muscle fibers Figure 12. 23

Basis for classification • Velocity of contraction: slow vs fast • Energy source: oxidative vs glycolytic

Oxydative Primary energy through oxidative phosphorylation – Many mitochondria – Myoglobin (red) – Small diameter – Resistant to fatigue Glycolytic Primary energy through anaerobic glycolysis – Fewer mitochondria – Many glycolytic enzymes – High glycogen stores – Use little oxygen— anaerobic – Large diameter – Quick to fatigue

• Which types of meat are chicken breast and duck breast? • Why the difference?

Outline I. III. IV. V. VI. Skeletal Muscle Structure Muscle Contraction: Cell Events Muscle Contraction: Mechanical Events Muscle Metabolism Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

VI- Smooth and Cardiac Muscles

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Control voluntary unvoluntary Unvoluntary Neural input somatic ANS Hormone 0 Epi/others Ca++ prot Troponin Calmodulin Gap junctions No Yes Pacemaker Yes No Appearance No

Readings • Chp. 12, p. 323 -359