Morphemes English 306 A Harris 1 Suffix A

Morphemes English 306 A; Harris 1

Suffix A little Persian danai xubi daro. Sti bozorgi Sirini English 306 A; Harris Morpheme {-i} 2

Suffix A little Persian Morpheme {-i} Noun Former Persian English dana wise danai wisdom xub good xubi goodness daro. St thick daro. Sti thickness bozorg big bozorgi size Sirin sweet Sirini sweetness English 306 A; Harris 3

Suffix A little Persian Morpheme {-i} Noun Former Simplex Complex adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun Noun Adjective Adj Af Sirin sweet Sirini Noun Adj Af sweetness English 306 A; Harris 4

The smallest signifier/signified bundles {un-} Antonym former {re-} Iterative former {draw} Verb, to make representative marks {-s} Third-singular-present agreement former {-ing} Present-participle former English 306 A; Harris 5

Homophony/Polysemy But, … matching the signifiers and signifieds is not a piece of cake {-ing} Present-participle former “Oriana is drawing the cat” {-ing} Gerund former “Oriana’s drawing of the cat is beautiful. ” {-ing} Adjective former “Oriana’s drawing chalk is the white one” English 306 A; Harris 6

Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology What Bound! type is Morpheme form {-i}? free (= Derivational! word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function Noun adjective Af derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional xubi English 306 A; Harris never change category, and only change meaning very subtly 7

Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function Noun adjective Af derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional xubi never change category, and only change meaning very subtly adjective [adjective-i]noun English 306 A; Harris 8

Affix rules New prefix Af Old oldcategory [affix-oldcategory]newcategory aooooo New suffix oldcategory [oldcategory-affix]newcategory Old Af oooa New infix oldcategory [old-affix- category]newcategory Af Old ooaoo circumfix oldcategory [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory English 306 A; Harris Old Af 9 aooooa

Affix rules Prefix e. g. {un-} adjective [un-adjective ]adjective {anti-} adjective [anti-adjective ]adjective {auto-} noun [auto-noun ]noun unattractive anti-racist autobiography suffix {-er} verb [verb-er]noun {-ness}adjective [adjective-ness]noun {-ly} adjective [adjective-ly]adverb English 306 A; Harris writer happiness quickly 10

Compounds Morphological analysis Noun Adjective Noun blackboard English 306 A; Harris 11

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determiner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares? ? fly English 306 A; Harris 12

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun fly English 306 A; Harris 13

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Verb fly English 306 A; Harris 14

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective fly English 306 A; Harris 15

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis ? ? Af flies English 306 A; Harris 16

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Noun Af Plural flies English 306 A; Harris 17

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Verb Af flies English 306 A; Harris 3 rd singular present agreement 18

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Adjective Af flies English 306 A; Harris 19

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective Af flier English 306 A; Harris ? Adjective Af fliest 20 ?

Optionality optionality English 306 A; Harris 21

Optionality Noun optionality English 306 A; Harris 22

Optionality Noun Adj Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 23

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 24

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Verb Af Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 25

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Verb Af Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 26

Roots and stems optionality root English 306 A; Harris 27

Ainu (Japan) haparu = soft ehaparu = to be unable to endure ni. Ste eni. Ste = hard = to be able to endure pirka epirka wen ewen = = good to gain bad to lose English 306 A; Harris 28

adjective —> [e-adjective]verb {e-} verb former 1. Stative have adjectival quality 2. Active change towards state described by adjective English 306 A; Harris 29

Ainu (Japan) Verb Af Adjective e pirka English 306 A; Harris 30

Bontoc (Philippines) kumilad = he is becoming red {-um-} third-person he, not I or you singular he, not they masculine he, not she or it inchoative becoming verb-former is; state change English 306 A; Harris 31

Bontoc (Philippines) Verb Adjective Af k um ilad English 306 A; Harris 32

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 33

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 34

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 35

Morphology Zoque possessives {-j- } third-person singular masculine possessive English 306 A; Harris 36

Morphology Zoque possessives b j u. Ru English 306 A; Harris 37

Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun]noun Noun Af b j u. Ru English 306 A; Harris 38

Morphophonology Zoque possessives {m-}, {n-}, {N-} first-person singular possessive English 306 A; Harris 39

Morphophonology Zoque possessives Noun Af Noun Assimilation in place of articulation n wakas m pama English 306 A; Harris N kama 40

Chickasaw Affirmative Word Translation Negative Word Translation chokma He is good. ikchokmo He isn’t good. lakna It is yellow. iklakno It isn’t yellow. palli It is hot. ikpallo It isn’t hot. tiwwi He opens it. iktiwwo He doesn’t open it. English 306 A; Harris 41

Chickasaw {-a}, {-i} third-person singular affirmative Verb forms chokmlaknpalltiww- {ik- … -o} third-person singular negative English 306 A; Harris 42

Chickasaw circumfix verb —> [ik-verb-o]verb Verb Af iklakno English 306 A; Harris 43

Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes Noun Verb Af iklakno Adj Af postmodernism English 306 A; Harris 44

Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes Noun Verb Af iklakno Adj Af postmodernism English 306 A; Harris 45

English “Circumfixes” em-bold-en en-light-en ir-regard-less a-work-in a-turn-in a-change-in English 306 A; Harris 46

English reduplication dilly-dally heebie-jeebies chit-chat fiddle-faddle mumbo-jumbo hocus-pocus English 306 A; Harris 47

English reduplication boy toy boy pooper scooper artsy-fartsy walkie-talkie wiggle-waggle English 306 A; Harris 48

English reduplication Ping-pong vs. Table tennis English 306 A; Harris 49

English reduplication: gang-bang Onomasiologically extremely serious referents Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form English 306 A; Harris 50

English {-er} farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, … Agentive Londoner, Winnipeger, … Locative 1 (geographic) villager, foreigner, … Locative 2 (type) printer, toaster, heater, freezer, … Instrumental page-turner, reader, drawer, … Patient chatter, mutter, flicker, … Frequentive triple-decker, porker, … Other English 306 A; Harris 51

Radial network English -er m ap ho r et ap et ho r inv er sio n m generalization specialization ? English 306 A; Harris 52

Productivity The relative ability to produce new words. -er farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, … aasexual, amoral, achromatic, …? English 306 A; Harris 53

Productivity petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, … -cast broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, … English 306 A; Harris 54

Productivity cranberry, cran-apple, crancherry, cran-grape, cranraspberry, crangerine, cranmango, … huckleberry raspberry English 306 A; Harris 55

Morphology Semasiological break • free (word) • bound (affix) unbreakable Onomasiological • derivational (new word) breakable • inflectional (new function) breaks Rules verb [verb-affix]adjective Structures Productivity breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable, blorkable, … Adj ver Af b breakable English 306 A; Harris 56