Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY Exercise 1 1
![Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-1.jpg)
![Exercise 1. 1. � 1. Make a list of word classes as you know Exercise 1. 1. � 1. Make a list of word classes as you know](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-2.jpg)
![Content words �Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs �Refer to something in our experience (whether real Content words �Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs �Refer to something in our experience (whether real](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-3.jpg)
![Function words �Allow us to connect different parts of phrases, clauses and sentences, or Function words �Allow us to connect different parts of phrases, clauses and sentences, or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-4.jpg)
![How many words begin with ‘b’? List the different dictionary entries you would create How many words begin with ‘b’? List the different dictionary entries you would create](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-5.jpg)
![Homonyms �Words which sound the same but have different meanings �Bear, bare �Bore, bore Homonyms �Words which sound the same but have different meanings �Bear, bare �Bore, bore](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-6.jpg)
![Polysemy �Words with different, but related senses �Bear, bear (3. and 6. ) Polysemy �Words with different, but related senses �Bear, bear (3. and 6. )](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-7.jpg)
![Verb inflection �Example 6: �He bears him no malice �I bear him no malice Verb inflection �Example 6: �He bears him no malice �I bear him no malice](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-8.jpg)
![Look at the list and decide if it is considered a word � 1. Look at the list and decide if it is considered a word � 1.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-9.jpg)
![Content words and function words �Content words – refer to concepts in the realm Content words and function words �Content words – refer to concepts in the realm](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-10.jpg)
![Content words �Nouns �Verbs �Adjectives �Adverbs � - an open class of words, as Content words �Nouns �Verbs �Adjectives �Adverbs � - an open class of words, as](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-11.jpg)
![Function words �Pronouns �Determiners �Prepositions �Conjunctions � - a closed class: fixed, relatively stable, Function words �Pronouns �Determiners �Prepositions �Conjunctions � - a closed class: fixed, relatively stable,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-12.jpg)
![Make a list of several words which are new to your language �For each Make a list of several words which are new to your language �For each](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-13.jpg)
![Neologisms: how are new words created? �Acronyms: AIDS < acquired immunity deficiency syndrome �Alphabetic Neologisms: how are new words created? �Acronyms: AIDS < acquired immunity deficiency syndrome �Alphabetic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-14.jpg)
![Neologisms: how are new words created? �Borrowings: Direct (avocado – Aztec word) �Borrowings: Indirect Neologisms: how are new words created? �Borrowings: Direct (avocado – Aztec word) �Borrowings: Indirect](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-15.jpg)
![What is a word? �The task of any language learner, including young children acquiring What is a word? �The task of any language learner, including young children acquiring](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-16.jpg)
![What is a word? �Words are “usually separated by spaces in writing and distinguished What is a word? �Words are “usually separated by spaces in writing and distinguished](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-17.jpg)
![Morpheme �Word – difficult to delineate �Morpheme – the smallest unit of linguistic meaning Morpheme �Word – difficult to delineate �Morpheme – the smallest unit of linguistic meaning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-18.jpg)
![Morphology �Studies morphemes and the ways in which morphemes combine together into larger units Morphology �Studies morphemes and the ways in which morphemes combine together into larger units](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-19.jpg)
![Determine the number of morphemes in each of the words below. How can you Determine the number of morphemes in each of the words below. How can you](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-20.jpg)
![Morphemes �Free �Bound Morphemes �Free �Bound](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-21.jpg)
![Free and bound morphemes �Free m. can stand alone as words (e. g. dog, Free and bound morphemes �Free m. can stand alone as words (e. g. dog,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-22.jpg)
![Root morphemes �The smallest units cannot be analyzed into smaller units (e. g. pack, Root morphemes �The smallest units cannot be analyzed into smaller units (e. g. pack,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-23.jpg)
![Stem �Root morpheme + affixes �E. g. write + er = writer + s Stem �Root morpheme + affixes �E. g. write + er = writer + s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-24.jpg)
![Affixes �Bound morphemes that attach to roots or stems in different ways Affixes �Bound morphemes that attach to roots or stems in different ways](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-25.jpg)
![Affixes �Prefixes: attach at the beginning of a root or stem morphemes: un-, re-, Affixes �Prefixes: attach at the beginning of a root or stem morphemes: un-, re-,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-26.jpg)
![Bound morphemes �Inflectional �Derivational Bound morphemes �Inflectional �Derivational](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-27.jpg)
![Inflectional morphemes �Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word; they change Inflectional morphemes �Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word; they change](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-28.jpg)
![Inflectional morphemes �Provide information on: �Case, �gender, �person, �mood, � tense, �voice, �aspect Inflectional morphemes �Provide information on: �Case, �gender, �person, �mood, � tense, �voice, �aspect](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-29.jpg)
![Person �Distinguishes entities referred to in an utterance � 1 st person: speaker � Person �Distinguishes entities referred to in an utterance � 1 st person: speaker �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-30.jpg)
![Number �A grammatical property of nouns �Singular – plural (some languages also dual) �Uncountable Number �A grammatical property of nouns �Singular – plural (some languages also dual) �Uncountable](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-31.jpg)
![Gender �Genus ‘kind, sort’ �Masculine, feminine, neuter �Sometimes: gender indicated on the noun itself: Gender �Genus ‘kind, sort’ �Masculine, feminine, neuter �Sometimes: gender indicated on the noun itself:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-32.jpg)
![Case �One of the most important functions of morphology is to distinguish the roles Case �One of the most important functions of morphology is to distinguish the roles](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-33.jpg)
![Tense �All human languages have ways for locating situations in time �Tense used to Tense �All human languages have ways for locating situations in time �Tense used to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-34.jpg)
![Aspect �Encodes whether an action is (or was) completed (perfective), ongoing, repeated (iterative) or Aspect �Encodes whether an action is (or was) completed (perfective), ongoing, repeated (iterative) or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-35.jpg)
![Mood �A grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s belief, opinion, or attitude about the Mood �A grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s belief, opinion, or attitude about the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-36.jpg)
![Mood �Indicative - used for making declarative assertions �Interrogative – asking questions �Imperative – Mood �Indicative - used for making declarative assertions �Interrogative – asking questions �Imperative –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-37.jpg)
![English inflectional morphemes Word class i. morpheme function examples Nouns s plural dogs ‘s English inflectional morphemes Word class i. morpheme function examples Nouns s plural dogs ‘s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-38.jpg)
![Inflection and derivation in English �Inflectional morphemes are few in English, but derivational morphemes Inflection and derivation in English �Inflectional morphemes are few in English, but derivational morphemes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-39.jpg)
![English derivational morphemes �-ness, -ly: change the grammatical class of a word: friend (noun) English derivational morphemes �-ness, -ly: change the grammatical class of a word: friend (noun)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-40.jpg)
![English derivational morphemes �Some derivational morphemes change or add to the meaning of the English derivational morphemes �Some derivational morphemes change or add to the meaning of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-41.jpg)
![Morphonematics �Impossible – inflexible: allomorphs of the same morpheme Morphonematics �Impossible – inflexible: allomorphs of the same morpheme](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-42.jpg)
![Allomorphy A B C D Clicks /kliks/ Pigs /pigz/ Flaws /floz/ Kisses /kisiz/ clips Allomorphy A B C D Clicks /kliks/ Pigs /pigz/ Flaws /floz/ Kisses /kisiz/ clips](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-43.jpg)
![Allomorphy �Different pronunciations of the plural morpheme depend on the surrounding phonetic context �A: Allomorphy �Different pronunciations of the plural morpheme depend on the surrounding phonetic context �A:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-44.jpg)
![Can you identify the morphemes? �The musicians reconsidered their director’s unusual proposal. Can you identify the morphemes? �The musicians reconsidered their director’s unusual proposal.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-45.jpg)
![The meaning of complex words �readable - well written, good style �A bill is The meaning of complex words �readable - well written, good style �A bill is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-46.jpg)
![Compounding �Concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a new lexeme �English: greenhouse, Compounding �Concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a new lexeme �English: greenhouse,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-47.jpg)
![Compounding: writing conventions �Often, the hyphen is used when a compound has been recently Compounding: writing conventions �Often, the hyphen is used when a compound has been recently](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-48.jpg)
![Summary �Derivational morphology creates new lexemes from existing ones, with a change in a Summary �Derivational morphology creates new lexemes from existing ones, with a change in a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-49.jpg)
- Slides: 49
![Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-1.jpg)
Words and their parts MORPHOLOGY
![Exercise 1 1 1 Make a list of word classes as you know Exercise 1. 1. � 1. Make a list of word classes as you know](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-2.jpg)
Exercise 1. 1. � 1. Make a list of word classes as you know them. � 2. Now analyze the sentence: �‘Criminologists, in order to uncover clues not visible to the eye, use specialized tools, such as luminal, a liquid that reacts with the hemoglobin in blood to illuminate previously invisible blood stains’, � 3. Assign each of the words to a word class
![Content words Nouns verbs adjectives adverbs Refer to something in our experience whether real Content words �Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs �Refer to something in our experience (whether real](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-3.jpg)
Content words �Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs �Refer to something in our experience (whether real or imagined)
![Function words Allow us to connect different parts of phrases clauses and sentences or Function words �Allow us to connect different parts of phrases, clauses and sentences, or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-4.jpg)
Function words �Allow us to connect different parts of phrases, clauses and sentences, or to convey another type of meaning, such as polarity (‘yes’ or ‘no’ polarity), prepositions, prepositional phrases, articles, discourse markers
![How many words begin with b List the different dictionary entries you would create How many words begin with ‘b’? List the different dictionary entries you would create](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-5.jpg)
How many words begin with ‘b’? List the different dictionary entries you would create � 1. The bear attacked him. � 2. I can’t bear the sight of him. � 3. People argue over the right to bear arms. � 4. Bare feet are not allowed. � 5. She bore up well under the strain. � 6. He bears no malice towards those who did him this injustice. � 7. I was born at 5 a. m. � 8. In the village, there was a woman who bore twins four times. � 9. He is such a bore. � 10. With bared teeth, he uttered his horrifying threat.
![Homonyms Words which sound the same but have different meanings Bear bare Bore bore Homonyms �Words which sound the same but have different meanings �Bear, bare �Bore, bore](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-6.jpg)
Homonyms �Words which sound the same but have different meanings �Bear, bare �Bore, bore
![Polysemy Words with different but related senses Bear bear 3 and 6 Polysemy �Words with different, but related senses �Bear, bear (3. and 6. )](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-7.jpg)
Polysemy �Words with different, but related senses �Bear, bear (3. and 6. )
![Verb inflection Example 6 He bears him no malice I bear him no malice Verb inflection �Example 6: �He bears him no malice �I bear him no malice](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-8.jpg)
Verb inflection �Example 6: �He bears him no malice �I bear him no malice �Is ‘bear’ and ‘bears’ the same word?
![Look at the list and decide if it is considered a word 1 Look at the list and decide if it is considered a word � 1.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-9.jpg)
Look at the list and decide if it is considered a word � 1. hello � 2. chair � 3. the � 4. friend � 5. friendship � 6. ly � 7. friends � 8. goodbye � 9. ceive 10. un 11. gotcha 12. gonna 13. coffee cup 14. cran 15. blackboard 16. faked
![Content words and function words Content words refer to concepts in the realm Content words and function words �Content words – refer to concepts in the realm](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-10.jpg)
Content words and function words �Content words – refer to concepts in the realm of experience (tangible or abstract, real or imaginary) �Function words – create connections or provide specification of how we are to interpret the content words
![Content words Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs an open class of words as Content words �Nouns �Verbs �Adjectives �Adverbs � - an open class of words, as](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-11.jpg)
Content words �Nouns �Verbs �Adjectives �Adverbs � - an open class of words, as new content words are being created constantly
![Function words Pronouns Determiners Prepositions Conjunctions a closed class fixed relatively stable Function words �Pronouns �Determiners �Prepositions �Conjunctions � - a closed class: fixed, relatively stable,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-12.jpg)
Function words �Pronouns �Determiners �Prepositions �Conjunctions � - a closed class: fixed, relatively stable, and new ones are not inclined to be added
![Make a list of several words which are new to your language For each Make a list of several words which are new to your language �For each](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-13.jpg)
Make a list of several words which are new to your language �For each word: � 1. List its word class: adjective, adverb, noun, verb? � 2. In what contexts have you heard the word � 3. How recent is it? How did it enter the language? � 4. Google the word. How many hits does it get? Look through some of the hits. Does the way the word is used match your understanding?
![Neologisms how are new words created Acronyms AIDS acquired immunity deficiency syndrome Alphabetic Neologisms: how are new words created? �Acronyms: AIDS < acquired immunity deficiency syndrome �Alphabetic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-14.jpg)
Neologisms: how are new words created? �Acronyms: AIDS < acquired immunity deficiency syndrome �Alphabetic abbreviations: CD< compact disk �Clippings: prof < professor �Blends: camcorder < camera + recorder �Generified words: xerox (<the name of the corporation that produces photocopying machines) �Proper nouns (guillotine – named after its inventor, Dr. Joseph Guillotin)
![Neologisms how are new words created Borrowings Direct avocado Aztec word Borrowings Indirect Neologisms: how are new words created? �Borrowings: Direct (avocado – Aztec word) �Borrowings: Indirect](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-15.jpg)
Neologisms: how are new words created? �Borrowings: Direct (avocado – Aztec word) �Borrowings: Indirect (grattacielo<skyscraper) �Changing the meaning of words
![What is a word The task of any language learner including young children acquiring What is a word? �The task of any language learner, including young children acquiring](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-16.jpg)
What is a word? �The task of any language learner, including young children acquiring their language, is to figure out how to segment and analyze the talking noise around them into meaningful units – namely, words and their meaningful parts �Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary: “word is the smallest independent unit of language, or one that can be separated from other such units in an utterance”
![What is a word Words are usually separated by spaces in writing and distinguished What is a word? �Words are “usually separated by spaces in writing and distinguished](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-17.jpg)
What is a word? �Words are “usually separated by spaces in writing and distinguished phonologically, as by accent” �Chinese doesn’t insert spaces between words in writing �People who can’t read and speakers of languages without writing systems know what words are in their languages
![Morpheme Word difficult to delineate Morpheme the smallest unit of linguistic meaning Morpheme �Word – difficult to delineate �Morpheme – the smallest unit of linguistic meaning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-18.jpg)
Morpheme �Word – difficult to delineate �Morpheme – the smallest unit of linguistic meaning that has clear delineation
![Morphology Studies morphemes and the ways in which morphemes combine together into larger units Morphology �Studies morphemes and the ways in which morphemes combine together into larger units](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-19.jpg)
Morphology �Studies morphemes and the ways in which morphemes combine together into larger units of meaning
![Determine the number of morphemes in each of the words below How can you Determine the number of morphemes in each of the words below. How can you](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-20.jpg)
Determine the number of morphemes in each of the words below. How can you divide them into categories? � 1. dogs � 2. unpack � 3. carrot � 4. behead � 5. repackage � 6. redness � 7. deactivate � 8. classroom � 9. paper � 10. writer’s
![Morphemes Free Bound Morphemes �Free �Bound](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-21.jpg)
Morphemes �Free �Bound
![Free and bound morphemes Free m can stand alone as words e g dog Free and bound morphemes �Free m. can stand alone as words (e. g. dog,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-22.jpg)
Free and bound morphemes �Free m. can stand alone as words (e. g. dog, carrot, head, red, class, room, paper, write) �Bound m. must be attached to another morpheme (e. g. s, er, un, be, de, ate, ness, re, ‘s)
![Root morphemes The smallest units cannot be analyzed into smaller units e g pack Root morphemes �The smallest units cannot be analyzed into smaller units (e. g. pack,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-23.jpg)
Root morphemes �The smallest units cannot be analyzed into smaller units (e. g. pack, write, act)
![Stem Root morpheme affixes E g write er writer s Stem �Root morpheme + affixes �E. g. write + er = writer + s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-24.jpg)
Stem �Root morpheme + affixes �E. g. write + er = writer + s = writers
![Affixes Bound morphemes that attach to roots or stems in different ways Affixes �Bound morphemes that attach to roots or stems in different ways](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-25.jpg)
Affixes �Bound morphemes that attach to roots or stems in different ways
![Affixes Prefixes attach at the beginning of a root or stem morphemes un re Affixes �Prefixes: attach at the beginning of a root or stem morphemes: un-, re-,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-26.jpg)
Affixes �Prefixes: attach at the beginning of a root or stem morphemes: un-, re-, dis-, etc. �Suffixes: attach at the end of root or stem morphemes: -s, , -ness, -ly, etc. �Infixes: insert in the middle of root or stem morphemes (Croatian pokušati ‘try’ > pokuša-va-ti) �Circumfixes: attach simultaneously at the beginning and at the end of a bound or stem morpheme (German: past participle ge-hab-t)
![Bound morphemes Inflectional Derivational Bound morphemes �Inflectional �Derivational](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-27.jpg)
Bound morphemes �Inflectional �Derivational
![Inflectional morphemes Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word they change Inflectional morphemes �Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word; they change](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-28.jpg)
Inflectional morphemes �Inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning of a word; they change the word because of constraints provided by the syntax of their surrounding phrase or sentence (e. g. I come, he comes)
![Inflectional morphemes Provide information on Case gender person mood tense voice aspect Inflectional morphemes �Provide information on: �Case, �gender, �person, �mood, � tense, �voice, �aspect](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-29.jpg)
Inflectional morphemes �Provide information on: �Case, �gender, �person, �mood, � tense, �voice, �aspect
![Person Distinguishes entities referred to in an utterance 1 st person speaker Person �Distinguishes entities referred to in an utterance � 1 st person: speaker �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-30.jpg)
Person �Distinguishes entities referred to in an utterance � 1 st person: speaker � 2 nd person: addressee � 3 rd person: a default category that refers to everything else �Person – often combined with number
![Number A grammatical property of nouns Singular plural some languages also dual Uncountable Number �A grammatical property of nouns �Singular – plural (some languages also dual) �Uncountable](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-31.jpg)
Number �A grammatical property of nouns �Singular – plural (some languages also dual) �Uncountable nouns cannot be pluralized (abstract nouns: carelessness, peace; non-individual material: milk, rice); a mass noun in one language may be countable in another: furniture – meuble/meubles
![Gender Genus kind sort Masculine feminine neuter Sometimes gender indicated on the noun itself Gender �Genus ‘kind, sort’ �Masculine, feminine, neuter �Sometimes: gender indicated on the noun itself:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-32.jpg)
Gender �Genus ‘kind, sort’ �Masculine, feminine, neuter �Sometimes: gender indicated on the noun itself: Sp. amigo – amiga; forms of the indefinite article un/una and the adjective americano/a agree with the gender of the noun
![Case One of the most important functions of morphology is to distinguish the roles Case �One of the most important functions of morphology is to distinguish the roles](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-33.jpg)
Case �One of the most important functions of morphology is to distinguish the roles played by the various participants in an event �Case indicates a noun’s relation to some other element in a clause or phrase �Case marking – the relation of the noun to the verb (as its subject, direct or indirect object) or to another noun (possessive or locational relation)
![Tense All human languages have ways for locating situations in time Tense used to Tense �All human languages have ways for locating situations in time �Tense used to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-34.jpg)
Tense �All human languages have ways for locating situations in time �Tense used to locate an event or state in relation to a point in time �In simple tenses (past, present, future), the reference point is “now”, at the moment of speaking �English – 2 tenses: past and non-past
![Aspect Encodes whether an action is or was completed perfective ongoing repeated iterative or Aspect �Encodes whether an action is (or was) completed (perfective), ongoing, repeated (iterative) or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-35.jpg)
Aspect �Encodes whether an action is (or was) completed (perfective), ongoing, repeated (iterative) or habitual (progressive): �John is painting the kitchen. �John was painting the kitchen. �John painted the kitchen.
![Mood A grammatical category that expresses the speakers belief opinion or attitude about the Mood �A grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s belief, opinion, or attitude about the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-36.jpg)
Mood �A grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s belief, opinion, or attitude about the content of an utterance
![Mood Indicative used for making declarative assertions Interrogative asking questions Imperative Mood �Indicative - used for making declarative assertions �Interrogative – asking questions �Imperative –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-37.jpg)
Mood �Indicative - used for making declarative assertions �Interrogative – asking questions �Imperative – giving commands �Subjunctive – wishes, thoughts, hopes, doubts etc. �Conditional – expresses what one would or should do
![English inflectional morphemes Word class i morpheme function examples Nouns s plural dogs s English inflectional morphemes Word class i. morpheme function examples Nouns s plural dogs ‘s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-38.jpg)
English inflectional morphemes Word class i. morpheme function examples Nouns s plural dogs ‘s possessive John’s er comparative faster est superlative fastest s 3 rd person sg. walks ed Past tense walked ed Past participle cooked ing Present participle walking Adjectives Verbs
![Inflection and derivation in English Inflectional morphemes are few in English but derivational morphemes Inflection and derivation in English �Inflectional morphemes are few in English, but derivational morphemes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-39.jpg)
Inflection and derivation in English �Inflectional morphemes are few in English, but derivational morphemes are many �Inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical class or the underlying meaning of a word, a derivational morpheme changes one or the other
![English derivational morphemes ness ly change the grammatical class of a word friend noun English derivational morphemes �-ness, -ly: change the grammatical class of a word: friend (noun)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-40.jpg)
English derivational morphemes �-ness, -ly: change the grammatical class of a word: friend (noun) > friend-ly (adverb); �Friendly (adverb) > friendliness (noun)
![English derivational morphemes Some derivational morphemes change or add to the meaning of the English derivational morphemes �Some derivational morphemes change or add to the meaning of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-41.jpg)
English derivational morphemes �Some derivational morphemes change or add to the meaning of the root or stem, but do not change the grammatical class �unhappily �impossible �intolerant �mistreat �friendship �blueish
![Morphonematics Impossible inflexible allomorphs of the same morpheme Morphonematics �Impossible – inflexible: allomorphs of the same morpheme](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-42.jpg)
Morphonematics �Impossible – inflexible: allomorphs of the same morpheme
![Allomorphy A B C D Clicks kliks Pigs pigz Flaws floz Kisses kisiz clips Allomorphy A B C D Clicks /kliks/ Pigs /pigz/ Flaws /floz/ Kisses /kisiz/ clips](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-43.jpg)
Allomorphy A B C D Clicks /kliks/ Pigs /pigz/ Flaws /floz/ Kisses /kisiz/ clips beds days judges plates caves knees sashes myths pans plows churches
![Allomorphy Different pronunciations of the plural morpheme depend on the surrounding phonetic context A Allomorphy �Different pronunciations of the plural morpheme depend on the surrounding phonetic context �A:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-44.jpg)
Allomorphy �Different pronunciations of the plural morpheme depend on the surrounding phonetic context �A: unvoiced consonant �B: voliced consonant �C: words ending in vowels �D: vowel epenthesis
![Can you identify the morphemes The musicians reconsidered their directors unusual proposal Can you identify the morphemes? �The musicians reconsidered their director’s unusual proposal.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-45.jpg)
Can you identify the morphemes? �The musicians reconsidered their director’s unusual proposal.
![The meaning of complex words readable well written good style A bill is The meaning of complex words �readable - well written, good style �A bill is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-46.jpg)
The meaning of complex words �readable - well written, good style �A bill is payable – doesn’t mean that it can be paid but it must be payed �If a theory is questionable, it doesn’t mean that it can be questioned but that it is dubious and suspect �Meanings of many complex words – not merely composites of the meanings of their parts (semantic drift)
![Compounding Concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a new lexeme English greenhouse Compounding �Concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a new lexeme �English: greenhouse,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-47.jpg)
Compounding �Concatenation of two or more lexemes to form a new lexeme �English: greenhouse, moonlight, download
![Compounding writing conventions Often the hyphen is used when a compound has been recently Compounding: writing conventions �Often, the hyphen is used when a compound has been recently](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-48.jpg)
Compounding: writing conventions �Often, the hyphen is used when a compound has been recently created (black-board) �When it has gained a certain currency or permanence, spelled without a hyphen (black board) �Spelled as one word (blackboard)
![Summary Derivational morphology creates new lexemes from existing ones with a change in a Summary �Derivational morphology creates new lexemes from existing ones, with a change in a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/80fd44899611ff5b3491da540c770d47/image-49.jpg)
Summary �Derivational morphology creates new lexemes from existing ones, with a change in a word’s lexical category or meaning �Inflectional morphology adds grammatical information to a lexeme: person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood
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