By Robingah Language is a system of arbitrary

By : Robingah

� Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communications. � A language consist of all sounds, words and possible sentences. � When you know a language, you know the sounds, the words, and the rules for their combination � Knowledge of language enables you to combine words to phrase and clause to form sentence.

� Linguistics is the scientific study of language (Wardhaugh 1973). � Webster (1981) linguistic is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language. � Linguistic competence is the knowledge to produce sentences of a language. � Linguistic performance is the ability to use the language knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Robin forced the sheriff go. Napoleon forced Josephine to go. The Devil made Faust go He passed by a large sum of money He came a large sum of money. Did in a concert little Jack Horner sit? 8. Elizabeth is resembled by Charles. 9. Nancy is eager to please. 10. It is easy to frighten Emily. 11. It is eager to love a kitchen. 12. That birds can fly amazes. 13. The fact that you are late to class is surprising. 14. Has the nurse slept the baby yet? 15. I was surprised for you to get married. 16. I wonder who and Marry went swimming. 17. Myself bit John. 18. What did Alice eat the toadstool with? 19. What did Alice eat the toadstool and?

� Phonology � Morphology � Syntax � Semantics

� Phonetic is a part of phonology and provides the means for describing speech sounds; phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form system and patterns in human language.

� Phonology refers either to the representation of the sounds and sound patterns in a speaker’s grammar, or to the study of the sound patterns in a language or in human language in general.

� Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent, ” to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tense, to produce aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to know what is or is not a sound in one’s language, and to know that different phonetic strings may represent the same morpheme.

� Phonemes are not physical sounds. They are abstract mental representations of the phonological units of a language, the units used to represent the forms of words in our mental lexicon. � Phonemes are the smallest unit of a word that can differentiate the meanings � Example: Face - Vase [f] - [v] are phonemes Cap - Cab [p] - [b] are phonemes

� Allophones are the variety of phonemes because their structures in a word. � Example: � /p/ peak speak upper soup [p-] [-p-] [-p] � /t/ time [t-] utter [-t-] strong [-t-] sit [-t]

�A pair of words that differs only one segment in the same position. � Example: � Time lime Time Rhyme [taim] [laim] [taim] [raim] Write [rait But not Light [lait] Write [rait] Right [rait]

1. Rate 2. Chair 3. Look 4. Sun. Son 5. Dear 6. Mate 7. Night 8. Sight 9. Caught 10. Like Raise Hair Lock Deer Meat Site Side Cut Right 11. 12. 13. 14. Hear 15. 16. 17. 18. Thing Son Lake Here Slide Sheet Paper Think Some Leg Site Shit Pepper

� Look at the example below: Word Adding prefix / suffix word Happy (adjective) -ness Happyness (Noun) Possible (adjective) Im- Impossible (adjective)

� Morpheme is the smallest unit in language that carries information about meaning and function. � Morpheme is derived from the Greek morphe meaning “form”. A Developed Likely Happy B + un- = undeveloped + un- = unlikely + un- = unhappy 2 meaningful unit The internal structure of words is rule-governed (uneaten, unadmired, ungrammatical) But, Eatenun, admiredun, grammaticalun which mean not eaten, not admired and not grammatical are wrong because we do not form a negative meaning of a word by suffixing un (adding at the end of the word) but by prefixing (adding at the beginning).

� The study of internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed, is called morphology, consist of 2 morphemes; morp + ology (the science of word forms). suffix means “science of” / “branch of knowledge concerning”

�A single word may be composed of 1 or more morphemes 1 morpheme boy desire 2 morphemes boy+ish desire+able 3 morphemes boy+ish+ness desire+able+ity 4 morphemes gentle+man+li+ness un+desire+able+ity 5 morphemes un+gentle+man+li+ness anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

� Lexical content morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller part are called root morphemes. � When a root morphemes is combined with affix morphemes it forms a stem. � Some morphemes are bound, that they must be joined to other morphemes. They are always parts of words and never words by themselves. � The other are free, that they need not be attached to other morphemes

� Free, king, serf, and bore are free morphemes; � -dom, as in freedom, kingdom, serfdom, and boredom is a bound morpheme. � Affixes, that is prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes are bound morphemes. � Prefixes occur before, suffixes after, infixes in the middle of, and circumfixes around stems.

� Lexical content or root morphemes constitute the major class-nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs; those are open class item because their classes are easy to added to. � While preposition, conjunction, article, pronoun are called close class words.

Noun to Adjective Verb to Noun Boy + ish Acquitt + Exact + ly al Moral + ize Virtu + ous Clear + ance Vaccin Specific + _ ate ity Creat + ive Affection + ate Confer + ence Brand + ish Migrat + ory Health + ful Sing + er Haste +n Alcohol + ic Conform + ist Life + like Predict + ion Free + dom Adjective Noun Adjective to Adverb to to Noun Verb Quiet + ly Tall + ness Glory + ous Verb to Adjective Read + able

� Not all derivational morphemes cause a change in grammatical Noun to noun Verb to verb Adjective to adjective Friend + ship Un + do Pink + ish Human + ity Re + cover In + flammable

English Inflectional Morphemes Examples -s Third person singular present Susan play-s guitar -ed Past tense She play-ed guitar -ing Progressive She is guitar -en Past participle Susan has eat-en the donuts -s Plural She ate the donut-s -’s Possessive Diana’s hair is short -er Comparative Diana has short-er hair than Disa -est Superlative Diana has the short-est hair

� Compounds are also a source of a new words. Morphological rules combine two or more words to form complex combinations. 1. Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words. (UNICEF, ABRI, TNI) 2. Blends are similar to compounds but parts of the words that are combined are deleted and so they are “less than” compounds. (smog from smoke + fog; motel from motor + hotel; brunch from breakfast and lunch)

3. back-formations. A new word may enter the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis. (peddle was derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was the “agentive” suffix. ) another examples are hawk, stoke, swindle and edit all came into the language as back formations-of hawker, stoker, swindler, and editor. 4. Abbreviations. Taking some words from the longer words or phrases. (bike for bicycle, gym for gymnasium, prof for professor, piano for pianoforte, math for mathematics, gas for gasoline, phone for telephone)

� Syntax merupakan ilmu tentang sistem susunan kata/phrase dalam membentuk ungkapan bermakna dalam phrase/sentence.