Morphology Word formation and structure Morpheme free bound

Morphology • • • Word formation and structure Morpheme: free, bound Affix: prefix, suffix, etc. Inflection Derivation Mental Lexicon

How do A and B differ? • • A B table deactivation purple cats run loudly bright blackbird many careful of talking => B words are morphologically complex.

Free Morphemes • • Can stand alone as words table act purple cat run loud bright black many bird of care talk

Bound Morphemes (Cannot stand alone as words) • • • Prefix de-activate, de-contaminate un-happy, un-lucky re-establish, re-assure dis-own, dis-member

• • Suffix cat-s, universitie-s excite-ment, amaze-ment burglar-ize, steril-ize care-ful, will-ful loud-ly, nice-ly, angri-ly round-er, tall-er talk-ing, sleep-ing

Derivation vs. Inflection • Derivation creates new words. • => Can change category and/or meaning • Inflection produces grammatical variants of the same word. • => Never changes category or meaning

Inflection • • • cat (N) cats (N) talk (V) talked (V) big (Adj) bigger (Adj)

Inflection only changes grammatical form. • Number (N): cat/cats decision/decisions • Case (N): Jane/Jane’s Mark/Mark’s • Tense (V): shout/shouted/shouting • Agreement (V): They run. /(S)he runs.

Derivation • • • Category Change act (V) => amaze (V) => sterile (Adj) => care (N) => loud (Adj) => active (Adj) amazement (N) sterilize (V careful (Adj) loudly (Adv)

• Derivation can also change meaning. • • • accept + able read + er instrument + al

Derivation takes place before inflection. • act+iv+ate+d • *act+ed+iv+ate • compart+ment+al+ize+d • compart+ment+al+iz+ation • *compart+ment+al+ize+d+ation

Mental Lexicon • Morphemes and word formation processes are part of the mental lexicon. • Derived words are stored in the mental lexicon.

Creative Word Formation • Possible because we have a mental lexicon. • • shush-er shush-ee un-shush-able

• -er: V=>N – (N refers to the agent of V) • -ee: V=>N – (N refers to the patient of V) • -able: V=>Adj – (Adj expresses the possibility of V) • un-: Adj 1=>Adj 2 – (Adj 2 expresses the opposite of Adj 1)

More New Words • • bogosity: => degree to which something is bogus bogos + -ity: Adj=>N – (N expresses state or degree of Adj) – clarity, agility, ability

Even More Creative • ambimoustrous: • => capable of operating a mouse with either hand • ambi- + mouse(tr) + -ous • On analogy with ambidextrous • ambi + dexter + ous