Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space

Matter • Anything that has mass and occupies space • Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy • Matter and energy can neither be created or destroyed but can change form • Mass • Measure of the quantity of matter • Material • Describes a specific type of matter ex. Wood, plastic, water

• Mixture –Matter that contains two or more different materials • Ex. Wood, air, milk • Characteristics of a Mixture • Can be prepared and separated by physical change • Substance composing a mixture retain some properties when separate • Substances can be in any proportions • Can be homogenous or heterogeneous

• Phase • Physically distinct section of matter with a uniform set of properties • Ex. Water in milk and fat in milk

• State • Particle arrangement in a phase • Solid, liquid, gas, plasma • Interfaces • Definite boundaries between phases of matter in a mixture • Ex. Solid surface of ice meets surface of liquid water

Heterogeneous materials • Nonuniform materials • Materials are easily separated and distinguished from each other • Heterogeneous mixtures • Contain 2 or more materials nonuniformly distributed throughout the mixture • Ex. Sand, salt and iron particles

Homogenous materials • Materials that consist of only one phase • All parts have the same properties • Impossible to distinguish one part as a different material from another • Ex. Sugar, salt, glass, quartz, air • Homogeneous mixtures • 2 or more materials combined and uniformly distributed throughout the mixture • Called solutions

Separation of mixtures • Filtration • Uses a porous barrier to separate solids from liquids • Distillation • Allows separation of homogenous mixtures of liquids based on B. P. differences • Crystallization • formation of a pure solid substance from a solution containing a dissolved substance • Chromatography • Technique that separates 2 or more dissolved solids on the basis that they travel at different rates across a different material

Substances • Homogenous material with the same composition throughout • Two classes • Compounds • Two or more atoms(elements) chemically combined in definite proportions(ratios) • Chemical and Physical properties of elements in a compound are different than their constituents • Organic(contain C in structure) and inorganic(compounds without C) • Ex. Na. Cl, C 6 H 12 O 6, H 2 O • Elements • Substances comprised of only one type of atom • Free state and combined state • Ex. Fe, Na, O, N

Changes and Properties • Physical change • A change which does not change the chemical composition of the substance • Ex. Changes in state, dissolving, cutting

Chemical • Describes the reaction of a substance with another material • Just as important to find out if a substance does react as it does not react • Ex. Flammability, toxicity • How reacts with : air, water, acid, base

Properties • Physical • Describes the behavior of a substance undergoing a physical change • Two types • Extensive- depends on the amount of matter present • Ex. Mass, weight, volume

• Intensive – do not depend on amount of substance present • Useful for identifying substances • Ex. Density • Unique to every substance • Mass/volume • Specific heat, malleability, ductility, color, crystalline shape, melting point (M. P. ), boiling point (B. P. )

• Chemical • When a substance undergoes a change so that one or more new substances with different characteristics are formed • When a chemical reaction takes place • Ex. Burning, oxidation, fermentation • Rule of thumb: if a precipitate, gas, color change, or energy change occurs, a chemical change has usually taken place • Precipitate- a solid substance that forms from a solution