Major Developmental Theories Freud Erikson Piaget Bandura Kohlberg
Major Developmental Theories Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Bandura, Kohlberg, Kubler Ross
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage Birth to 18 months • Oral fixation • Oral personality
Anal Stage 18 months to three years • Anal Retentive • Anal Expulsive
Phallic Stage Three to Six years • Oedipus Complex • Electra Complex
Latency Stage Six to Puberty • Repression of sexual desires • Same sex peers
Genital Stage Puberty on • Reawakening sexual urges • Attention returns to opposite sex peers
Id, Ego, Super Ego
Erickson Eight-Stage Theory of Psycho-Social Development
2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years Learn to master skills for ourselves. Autonomy vs. Shame Learning finer motor development, toilet training. Basic Strengths: Selfcontrol, Courage, and Will Build self-esteem and autonomy, gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong. Can be very vulnerable May feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem Most significant relationships are with parents.
3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years -Experience a desire to copy adults around us -Take initiative in creating play situations, Ego Development playing out roles in a trial universe Outcome: -Experimenting with what we believe it means to Initiative vs. Guilt be an adult -WHY? Basic Strength: -become involved in the classic "Oedipal Purpose struggle" and resolve this struggle through "social role identification. " -If frustrated over natural desires and goals, may easily experience guilt. -The most significant relationship is with the basic family.
4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths: Method and Competence -Stage often called the Latency -Capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry -Very social stage of development, if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers - can have serious problems in terms of competence and selfesteem -Most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. -Parents no longer the complete authorities although they are still important.
5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity Adolescence - life getting more complex - attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. Discover who we are as individuals - now members of a wider society If unsuccessful in navigating this stage, will experience role confusion and upheaval. Establish a philosophy of life May develop strong devotion to friends and causes. Most significant relationships are with peer groups.
-Initial stage of adulthood - seek one or more companions and love. -Generally begin to start a family -If negotiating this stage is successful - experience Ego Development intimacy on a deep level Outcome: -If we don't find it easy to create satisfying Intimacy and relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in Solidarity vs. defense, we can feel superior to others. Isolation -If not successful, isolation and distance from Basic Strengths: others may occur. Affiliation and -Significant relationships are with marital partners Love and friends. 6. Young adulthood: 18 to 35
7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths: Production and Care -Work most crucial -Occupied with creative and meaningful work/family. -Expect to "be in charge“ -Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society (generativity) - often fear inactivity and meaninglessness -Faced with major life changes - mid-life crisis – Need to find new meanings and purposes -Lack of success in this stage may lead to self- absorbtion and stagnation -Significant relationships within workplace, community and family.
Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death Integrity Can often look back on lives with happiness and Ego Development are content, feeling deep sense that life has Outcome: Integrity meaning and made a contribution to life vs. Despair Basic Strengths: Wisdom Strength comes wisdom that world is very large Now have detached concern for whole of life, accepting death as completion of life. Despair May reach this stage and despair at experiences and perceived failures -may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to life -"Was the trip worth it? " Significant relationship is with all of mankind
Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development Stage Sensorimotor (Birth 2 yrs) Characterized By Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e. g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense
Learns to use language and to Prerepresent objects by images and operational words. Thinking is still egocentric: (2 -7 years) has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others Egocentrism, centration and irreversibility Classifies objects by a single feature: e. g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color
Concrete Can think logically about objects and events operational Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (7 -11 years) (age 7), and weight (age 9) Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size. Formal Can think logically about abstract propositions operational and test hypotheses systematically. (11 years and up) Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems.
Piaget Development Stages Video • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TRF 27 F 2 b n-A
Bandura • Social Learning Theory posits: • Humans learn from one another – Observation – Imitation – Modeling • Reciprocal Determinism
Necessary Conditions for Effective Modeling • • Attention Reproduction Motivation
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Pre-Conventional Morality Stage 1 Obedience or Punishment Orientation Stage 2 Self-Interest Orientation Conventional Morality Stage 3 Social Conformity Orientation Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation Post-Conventional Morality Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation Stage 6 Universal Ethics Orientation
The Heinz Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2, 000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1, 000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it. " So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that?
Phase 1 Pre-Conventional Morality Stage 1 Obedience or Punishment Orientation Stage 2 Self-Interest Orientation
Phase 2 Conventional Morality Stage 3 Social Conformity Orientation Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation
Phase 3 Post-Conventional Morality Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation Stage 6 Universal Ethics Orientation
Kohlberg Video • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=GTz. Brjx. K HLg&feature=related
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
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