Joints Chapter 8 Classification of Joints are classified

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Joints Chapter 8

Joints Chapter 8

Classification of Joints are classified according to structure and function

Classification of Joints are classified according to structure and function

Structural Classifications Focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not

Structural Classifications Focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present – Fibrous – Cartilaginous – Synovial

Functional Classifications Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint – Synarthroses

Functional Classifications Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint – Synarthroses (immovable joints) – Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) – Diarthroses (freely moveable)

Fibrous Joints Bones are joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity Most are immovable

Fibrous Joints Bones are joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity Most are immovable Ex: – Sutures - (seams) edges interlock with minimal connective tissue (skull)

Fibrous Joints

Fibrous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints Articulating bones are united by cartilage, no joint cavity Ex: Pubis ,

Cartilaginous Joints Articulating bones are united by cartilage, no joint cavity Ex: Pubis , intervertebral discs

Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Synovial Joints Bones are separated by a fluidcontaining joint cavity. Permits substantial freedom Accounts

Synovial Joints Bones are separated by a fluidcontaining joint cavity. Permits substantial freedom Accounts for most of the joints in the body

Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joints –allow for gliding and slipping movements (wrist and

Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joints –allow for gliding and slipping movements (wrist and ankle) Hinge Joints – allows for bending (elbow and knee) Pivot Joints – rotating (ulna, radius, head, waist) Ball-and-Socket Joints – for rounding (hip and shoulder)

Types of Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial Joints

Types of Movement Allowed By Synovial Joints Gliding Movements Angular Movements – Flexion –

Types of Movement Allowed By Synovial Joints Gliding Movements Angular Movements – Flexion – Extension – Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of the foot – Abduction – Adduction – Circumduction

Types of Movement Allowed By Synovial Joints Rotation Special Movements – Supination and Pronation

Types of Movement Allowed By Synovial Joints Rotation Special Movements – Supination and Pronation – Inversion and Eversion – Protraction and Retraction – Elevation and Depression – Opposition

Disorders of the Joints 2 types of disorders – Injuries – Inflammatory and degenerative

Disorders of the Joints 2 types of disorders – Injuries – Inflammatory and degenerative conditions

Common Injuries Sprains – the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn; tend

Common Injuries Sprains – the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn; tend to be painful and immobilizing; a complete rupture requires surgery – Common sites: lumbar region of the spine, the ankle, and the knee

Common Injuries Cartilage Injuries – overstressed cartilage; damage through overuse – Most Common –

Common Injuries Cartilage Injuries – overstressed cartilage; damage through overuse – Most Common – tearing of the knee menisci – Treatment – rarely repairs itself; often involves arthroscopic surgery to repair a ligament or remove cartilage fragments

Common Injuries Dislocations (luxation or subluxation) – bones are forced out of alignment; usually

Common Injuries Dislocations (luxation or subluxation) – bones are forced out of alignment; usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation and joint immobilization – Common areas: joints of the jaw, shoulders, fingers and thumbs – Repeat dislocations are common because the initial dislocation stretches the joint capsule and ligaments

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa typically caused by a

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa typically caused by a fall or friction Tendonitis – Inflammation of the tendon sheath typically caused by overuse – Treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs, rest, ice and in the case of bursitis draining excess fluid

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Arthritis – describes over 100 different types of conditions that

Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Arthritis – describes over 100 different types of conditions that damage the joints Most Widespread crippling disease in the US Effects 1 in 7 Americans General symptoms: pain, stiffness and swelling of the joint

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) –the most common chronic arthritis – Often called

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) –the most common chronic arthritis – Often called wear-and-tear arthritis, generally occurs in older people – 85% of Americans will develop this condition (more women than men) – More cartilage is destroyed than replaced – Treatment – pain relievers, activity that allows for mobility

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – Usually arises between 40 and 50

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) – Usually arises between 40 and 50 and affects 3 times more women than men. – 1% of American population – Marked by flare-ups and remissions – Autoimmune disease – body’s immune system attacks its own tissues (bacteria and virus are suspected in this) – Inflammation of the synovial membrane, at times scarring can ossify and make the joint immovable

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis – occurs when uric acid builds up in

Chronic Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis – occurs when uric acid builds up in the system and is deposited in the form of needleshaped crystals in the soft tissue of the joints – Often affects the base of the big toe – Is more common in males – Treatment includes anti-inflammatory and other drugs, avoidance of alcohol and certain foods such as liver, kidneys and sardines

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