October 1 2 2018 JOINTS Joints Joints occur

October 1 -2, 2018 JOINTS

Joints � Joints occur where two or more bones join together, or articulate � Functions: �Hold bones together �Allow motion � The structure of the joint determines the type and range of motion allowed

Types of Joints � Fibrous Joints �Bones joined by fibrous tissue �Essentially immovable �Examples: sutures, syndesmoses The fibers of syndesmoses are longer than the fibers of sutures – allowing syndesmoses to have slight movement Syndesmoses at distal tibiofibular joint

Types of Joints � Cartilaginous Joints �Bones are connected by cartilage �Immovable or slightly moveable �Examples: Slightly moveable immoveable

Types of Joints � Synovial Joints �Bones are connected by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid �‘freely’ moveable

Synovial Joint Structure � Structures which facilitate movement �Articular cartilage lines the ends of the bones, reducing friction �Synovial membrane lines the inside of the joint capsule, reducing friction �Synovial fluid fills the joint cavity, reducing friction and acting as a shock absorber

Synovial Joint Structure � Structures which hold the bones together �Joint capsule made of fibrous connective tissue surrounds ends of bones �Ligaments made of dense connective tissue connect the two bones are reinforce the joint capsule

Think, Pair, Share Older scholar … � What are the two functions of joints? � What would happen if the synovial membrane became inflamed? Younger scholar … � What special features give synovial joints the greatest freedom of movement? � What would happen if articular cartilage wore away?

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Plane joints Sliding movement � Can move short distances only � Ex: the vertebral arches �

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Pivot joints rotational movement � Ex: the radioulnar joint �

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Hinge Joints allow flexion / extension � Ex: humeroulnar joint �

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Saddle Joints allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion � Both bones have concave and convex areas � Ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb �

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Condyloid Joints (aka Ellipsoid) allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion � One bone is convex and fits inside the other, concave bone � Ex: atlanto-occipital joint �

Types of Synovial Joints The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements. Ball-and-socket joints allow side-to-side AND back-and-forth motion AND rotation � Ex: shoulder (humerus – scapula) �

Use the movement to guess the joint type! � � � Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertebrae – allows us to indicate ‘no’) Intercarpal joints Interphalangeal joints Tibia-talar joint Acetobular-femoral joint Metacarpalphalangeal joint Work in groups of 2 -3 7 minutes

Use the movement to guess the joint type! � � � Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae) – pivot joint Intercarpal joints – (wrist) plane joints Interphalangeal joints – (finger) hinge joints Tibia-talar joint – (ankle) hinge joints Acetobular-femoral joint – (hip) ball and socket joint Metacarpalphalangeal joint – (knuckles) condyloid joint

Arthritis is any disease characterized by inflammation of the joints � More than 100 different types � Affects more than 53 million Americans / 27% of adult population in America. �

Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’ � Most common form of arthritis; affects ~25 million Americans � Occurs when the cartilage between joints wears down over time � Symptoms: pain & swelling of joints, stiffness and reduced range of motion, formation of bone spurs � Risk factors: age, obesity, injury and/or overuse, genetics

Osteoarthritis – ‘wear and tear’ � Treatment is centered around managing symptoms and reducing further damage � Physical activity, especially strengthening and flexibility exercise � Physical/occupational therapy to reteach how to use joint � Weight loss, if overweight � Pain medication: ○ NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin) ○ Analgesics – reduce pain (example: Tylenol, opioids, tramadol) ○ Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation, often injected directly into joint ○ Hyaluronic acid – injections replenish this naturally occurring synovial fluid � Joint replacement surgery (especially knee or hip)

Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease � 2 nd most common form – affects 1. 3 million Americans � Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membrane of joints as well as other body tissues � Symptoms: warm, swollen joints, fatigue, pain & stiffness especially in morning or after sitting, low-grade fever, weight loss, anemia

Rheumatoid Arthritis – an autoimmune disease � Risk Factors � Can occur at any age, but most likely to start between ages 30 -60. � Affects twice as many women as men � Genetics � Treatment � NSAIDS – reduce pain and inflammation (example: ibuprofen, aspirin) � Corticosteroids – reduce inflammation (usually oral for RA – why? ) � DMARDS – disease modifying antirheumatic drugs target the immune response to reduce damage to tissues � Physical and occupational therapy � Surgery

Closure � What were our objectives and how did we accomplish them? � How does it relate to our overall unit question? � How does what we did relate to our TOK connection? � What was our learner profile trait and how did we use it?

Exit Ticket � Draw and label a synovial joint � Rank the following joints in order of increasing range of motion: ball & socket, cartilaginous, planar, hinge, fibrous, condyloid � Make a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting OA and RA.