Classification of Joints Structural classification based upon presence
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-1.jpg)
![Classification of Joints • Structural classification based upon: – presence of space between bones-Synovial Classification of Joints • Structural classification based upon: – presence of space between bones-Synovial](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-2.jpg)
Classification of Joints • Structural classification based upon: – presence of space between bones-Synovial space – type of connective tissue holding bones together • collagen fibers • cartilage • joint capsule & accessory ligaments • Fibous Joints, Cartilageous and synovial 7 -2
![Fibrous Joints • Lack a synovial cavity • Bones held closely together by fibrous Fibrous Joints • Lack a synovial cavity • Bones held closely together by fibrous](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-3.jpg)
Fibrous Joints • Lack a synovial cavity • Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue • Little or no movement • 3 structural types – Sutures - skull – Syndesmoses- growth plate – Gomphosese. eg. teeth 7 -3
![Sutures • Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull Sutures • Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-4.jpg)
Sutures • Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull • Immovable • If fuse completely in adults 7 -4
![Cartilaginous Joints • Lacks a synovial cavity • Allows little or no movement • Cartilaginous Joints • Lacks a synovial cavity • Allows little or no movement •](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-5.jpg)
Cartilaginous Joints • Lacks a synovial cavity • Allows little or no movement • Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage • 2 types – Synchondroses=growth plate – symphyses 7 -5
![Synchondrosis-Growth Plates -Epiphyseal Plate- • Connecting material is hyaline cartilage • Immovable • =Epiphyseal Synchondrosis-Growth Plates -Epiphyseal Plate- • Connecting material is hyaline cartilage • Immovable • =Epiphyseal](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-6.jpg)
Synchondrosis-Growth Plates -Epiphyseal Plate- • Connecting material is hyaline cartilage • Immovable • =Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum 7 -6
![Symphysis • Fibrocartilage is connecting material • Slightly movable • E. g. Intervertebral discs Symphysis • Fibrocartilage is connecting material • Slightly movable • E. g. Intervertebral discs](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-7.jpg)
Symphysis • Fibrocartilage is connecting material • Slightly movable • E. g. Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis 7 -7
![Synovial Joints • Synovial cavity separates articulating bones • Freely moveable • cartilage – Synovial Joints • Synovial cavity separates articulating bones • Freely moveable • cartilage –](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-8.jpg)
Synovial Joints • Synovial cavity separates articulating bones • Freely moveable • cartilage – reduces friction – absorbs shock • capsule – surrounds joint – thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments • Synovial membrane – inner lining of capsule – secretes synovial fluid containing hyaluronic acid slippery) – brings nutrients to cartilage 7 -8
![Other Special Features • Accessory ligaments • Articular discs or menisci – attached around Other Special Features • Accessory ligaments • Articular discs or menisci – attached around](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-9.jpg)
Other Special Features • Accessory ligaments • Articular discs or menisci – attached around edges to capsule – allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly – increase stability of knee - torn cartilage • Bursae = saclike structures between structures -bursitis – skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bone 7 -9
![Planar Joint (Plane)-Gliding • Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved • Side to Planar Joint (Plane)-Gliding • Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved • Side to](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-10.jpg)
Planar Joint (Plane)-Gliding • Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved • Side to side movement only • Rotation prevented by ligaments • Examples – intercarpal or intertarsal joints – sternoclavicular joint – vertebrocostal joints 7 -10
![Hinge Joint • Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2 Hinge Joint • Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-11.jpg)
Hinge Joint • Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2 nd bone • Uniaxial like a door hinge • Examples – Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints • Movements produced – flexion = decreasing the joint angle – extension = increasing the angle – hyperextension = opening the joint beyond the anatomical position 7 -11
![Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension 7 -12 Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension 7 -12](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-12.jpg)
Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension 7 -12
![Pivot Joint • Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2 nd Pivot Joint • Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2 nd](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-13.jpg)
Pivot Joint • Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2 nd bone & ligament • Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis • Examples – Proximal radioulnar joint • supination • pronation – Atlanto-axial joint • turning head side to side “no” 7 -13
![Abduction and Adduction Condyloid joints Ball and Socket joints 7 -14 Abduction and Adduction Condyloid joints Ball and Socket joints 7 -14](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-14.jpg)
Abduction and Adduction Condyloid joints Ball and Socket joints 7 -14
![Ball and Socket Joint • Ball fitting into a cuplike depression • Multiaxial – Ball and Socket Joint • Ball fitting into a cuplike depression • Multiaxial –](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-15.jpg)
Ball and Socket Joint • Ball fitting into a cuplike depression • Multiaxial – flexion/extension – abduction/adduction – rotation • Examples – shoulder joint – hip joint 7 -15
![Circumduction • Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle Circumduction • Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-16.jpg)
Circumduction • Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle • Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction • Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints 7 -16
![Rotation • Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis – medial rotation is turning Rotation • Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis – medial rotation is turning](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-17.jpg)
Rotation • Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis – medial rotation is turning of anterior surface in towards the midline – lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface away from the midline • At ball & socket and pivot type joints 7 -17
![Special Movements of Mandible • Elevation = upward • Depression = downward • Protraction Special Movements of Mandible • Elevation = upward • Depression = downward • Protraction](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-18.jpg)
Special Movements of Mandible • Elevation = upward • Depression = downward • Protraction = forward • Retraction = backward 7 -18
![Special Hand & Foot Movements Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Pronation Supination 7 -19 Special Hand & Foot Movements Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Pronation Supination 7 -19](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-19.jpg)
Special Hand & Foot Movements Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Pronation Supination 7 -19
![Homework • See sheet 7 -20 Homework • See sheet 7 -20](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/0a29d23e3630497206c37cebd0159963/image-20.jpg)
Homework • See sheet 7 -20
- Slides: 20