Imperialism What is imperialism Why do countries engage

Imperialism What is imperialism? Why do countries engage in imperialism? What instances of imperialism have we seen in history? What’s the earliest example? Do you consider the United States an imperialist power? Is imperialism always bad?

Causes of Imperialism “New Imperialism” Causes ◦ Economic (Industrialization) ◦ Strategic Competition ◦ Nationalism ◦ Social Darwinism ◦ Charles Darwin—Theory of Evolution ◦ Racism ◦ The White Man’s Burden Charles Darwin

1. Author: What do you know about the author and their point of view? 2. Place and Time: Where and when was the source produced and how might this affect the meaning? 3. Prior Knowledge: What do you know that would help you further understand the primary source? (ie. Do you recognize any symbols and recall what they represent? ) 4. Audience: For whom and why was the source created and how might this affect the reliability? 5. Main Idea: What is the source trying to convey? 6. Significance: Why is this source important? “So what? ”

Causes of Imperialism “I contend that we are the first race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…it is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honorable race the world possesses” --Cecil Rhodes

Rudyard Kipling

Imperialism Methods of Imperialism ◦ Direct vs. Indirect ◦ Colony, Protectorate, Sphere of Influence, Economic Imperialism Scramble for Africa: Why now? ◦ Science/Technology ◦ Fragmentation ◦ Interest/Publicity ◦ Stanley and Livingstone

David Livingstone Map of Africa around the middle of the nineteenth century showing European interests on the continent prior to the Berlin Conference. Henry Stanley

Resource Maps

Imperialism: Scramble for Africa • South African Settler Colony • Dutch Cape Colony— 1652 • Boers, Afrikaners • Zulu Empire—founded c. 1816 • Shaka • Napoleonic Wars (1803 -1815) • Cape Seized by British (1806) • Great Trek— 1835 • Suez Canal (1869) • Diamonds (1870’s) • Gold (1880’s) • Zulu Wars— 1879 -1887 • Boer War— 1899 -1902 • Internment camps • Union of South Africa— 1910 • Dominion (1910) • Apartheid (1948 -1991)

Imperialism: Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference (1884 -1885) ◦ Ground rules for colonization ◦ Notification, control, “treaty” ◦ Leopold II ◦ Congo Free State Leopold II

Imperialism: Scramble for Africa • Resistance • Xhosa Cattle Killing—South Africa (1856) • Zulu Wars— 1879 -1887 • Menelik II—Ethiopia (1896) • Maji-Maji Revolt—Tanganyika (1905) • Results of Imperialism • Division, Loss of culture, Shift to cash crops • Infrastructure, School, Hospitals Menelik II

“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

Ethnocentrism or Universal Norm Directions: After reading the article answer the following questions. 1. Was it the place of the British to outlaw sati, or even the caste system? What should the British have done? 2. As you consider issues such as women’s rights, democracy, and banning the death penalty, are these universal norms that should be enforced at the expense of local traditions, or should all societies be expected to abide by the same moral code on certain issues? 3. What issues are so important as to demand universal enforcement? 4. Should the international community be working to end traditional cultural practices they see as wrong?

Ethnocentrism or Universal Norm "Be it so. This burning of widows is your custom; prepare the funeral pile. But my nation has also a custom. When men burn women alive we hang them, and confiscate all their property. My carpenters shall therefore erect gibbets on which to hang all concerned when the widow is consumed. Let us all act according to national customs. ” Charles James Napier British Commander-in-Chief in India

Shooting an Elephant Questions 2&3: What are Orwell’s thoughts about British imperialism? Why is this odd given his job? Questions 5 -8: How was Orwell treated by the Burmese? How do you think this factored into his behavior and actions? Question 9 -10: What lessons can we learn as individuals and about imperialism by this incident? How would you compare the views described in Shooting an Elephant and in The White Man’s Burden? Do you think both authors would agree or disagree? Does the US “shoot elephants? ”

Imperialism: South Asia Mughals (1526) ◦ Sikhs East India Company ◦ “Jewel of the Crown”— “a delicate and dangerous machine” ◦ Sepoy Rebellion (1857) British Raj (1858 -1947) ◦ Indian National Congress, “INC” (1885) ◦ Muslim League (1906) Results ◦ Abolished caste and sati

Imperialism: Middle East Ottoman Empire ◦ “Sick man of Europe” Suez Canal (1869) “Great Game”

Imperialism in China Dowager Empress Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644 -1911) ◦ When we left off…“Canton system” Opium War (1839, 1856) ◦ Trade Imbalance ◦ Treaty of Nanjing (Hong Kong, “Extraterritorial Rights” Chinese Response? ◦ Taiping Rebellion (1850 -1853) ◦ Self-Strengthening Movement (18601895) ◦ Dowager Empress Cixi (r. 1862 -1908) ◦ Guangxu (1898)

Imperialism in China “There appear among the crowd of barbarians both good persons and bad…there are those who smuggle opium to seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all provinces…By what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? . . . I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries…in regard to those barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation…sift your wicked people before they come to China, in order to guarantee the peace of your nation. ” --Lin Tse-Hsu (1785 -1850, Chinese Commissioner in Canton)

Imperialism in China Spheres of Influence ◦ “Open Door” Policy Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Imperialism in China Sun Yat-sen (1911) ◦ Nationalist Party ◦ Goals: ◦ Democracy ◦ Unification ◦ Improved Living standards Chiang Kai-shek

European Imperialism in East Asia 1. What were the primary motivations for European imperialism in the region? 2. Compare the reactions to imperialism in China and Japan? 3. What examples of resistance were evident?

Imperialism in Japan When we left off…“Closed country policy” Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) Commodore Matthew Perry

Mutsushito Japanese Imperialism Meiji Restoration (1867) ◦ Constitution, Legal, Military, Education, Economic Sino-Japanese War (1894) Russo Japanese War (19041905) Annexation of Korea (1910)

US Imperialism • Is the United States an empire? • Describe the motivations for US involvement overseas. • How do American reasons for imperialism compare to European motives? • Do motives matter when discussing whether a country is imperialistic?

US Imperialism Continental Expansion: ◦ Louisiana Purchase (1803) ◦ Florida (1819) ◦ Monroe Doctrine (1823) ◦ Manifest Destiny ◦ Indian Removal Act (1830) ◦ Oregon (1846) ◦ Mexican-American War (1846 -1848) ◦ Gadsden Purchase (1853)

US Imperialism Overseas Expansion: ◦ Alaska (1867) ◦ “Seward’s Folly” ◦ Hawaii ◦ Subsidy ◦ Annexation (1898) ◦ Spanish American War (1898) ◦ Emilio Aguinaldo ◦ Panama Canal (1904) ◦ Roosevelt Corollary

**** Great Britain France Belgium Netherlands Germany (1914) Area in Square Miles 94, 000 212, 600 11, 800 13, 200 210, 000 Population 45, 500, 100 42, 000 8, 300, 000 8. 500, 000 67, 500, 000 Area of Colonies 13, 100, 000 4, 300, 000 940, 000 790, 000 1, 100, 000 65, 000 13, 000 66, 000 13, 000 Population of 470, 000 Colonies