Varieties of Imperialism Varieties of Imperialism New Imperialism

Varieties of Imperialism

Varieties of Imperialism New Imperialism characterized by an explosion of territorial conquests even more rapid than the Spanish conquests of the 16 th century

Varieties of Imperialism Butt Stuff Between 1869 and 1914: Europeans seized territories in Africa and Central Asia Europeans and Americans took territories in SE Asia and the Pacific 10 million square miles and 150 million people fell under the rule of Europe and the United States during this period

Varieties of Imperialism The imperial powers used economic and technological means to reorganize dependent regions and bring them into the world economy as suppliers of food and raw materials as well as consumers of industrial products Latin American nations retained their independence but became economic dependencies of the United States and Europe

Varieties of Imperialism Political Cultural • Powerful nations were • Christianity was spread competitive & in an attempt to hypersensitive about “civilize” other cultures their status and bring education, • Smaller European medicine, and nations sought to monogamy establish their • Women often took on reputation by gaining missionary roles lands because it gave them • Larger nations wanted more freedom and to maintain their status power than at home on top • Imperialism became a • Colonial officers often popular cause and was attacked their the overseas extension neighbors and claimed of nationalism new lands without asking permission Economic • Industrialization meant a larger demand for minerals • These included copper for electric wiring, tin for canning, coal for steam engines, gold, and diamonds • These products were mostly found in the tropics • Because of the risks involved most companies were accompanied by soldiers from their nations army

Varieties of Imperialism Steamships allowed Europeans the ability to quickly move goods, as well as armies, around the globe

Varieties of Imperialism Until the 19 th century, Europeans were much weaker on land than at sea Gunboats allowed for victories in China, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia

Varieties of Imperialism Before medical advances in 1854, malaria killed most explorers who went to Africa

Varieties of Imperialism Improved rifles that could shoot further, faster, and more accurately gave Europeans and Americans a huge advantage in wars waged during this period By the 1880 s, the weapons technology gap was so wide that a few hundred well armed Europeans could defeat an army of thousands Battle of Omdurman: Several thousand British and their Egyptian allies defeated an army of 40, 000 Sudanese, losing 47 men in total and killing around 10, 000

Varieties of Imperialism “The most single triumph ever gained by the arms of science over barbarians. Within the space of five hours the strongest and best-armed savage army yet arrayed against a modern European power had been destroyed and dispersed, with hardly any difficulty, comparatively small risk, and insignificant loss to the victors. ” -Winston Churchill, future British Prime Minister, who witnessed the Battle of Omdurman

Varieties of Imperialism

Varieties of Imperialism Egypt • • • While attempting to modernize and expand, Egypt went into great debt to Europeans The Suez Canal, which linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, was vital to Britain and their trade with India Because of this, England ruled Egypt for over seventy years beginning in 1882 The British build the Aswan Dam on the Nile, allowing for farmers to grow several crops a year, making the nation much more economically viable By the 1890 s most Egyptians had grown tired of British rule and their disregard for Muslim customs (alcohol, the role of women) but nothing could be done to remove them from the nation Western/Equatorial Africa • • • France sought to unite West Africa under their rule King Leopold II of Belgium to invested his personal fortune in “opening up” the Congo Basin but France also had a claim Otto Von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference on Africa in 1884 and 1885 where the powers of Europe agreed on terms for how the continent should be divided up West Africa already had a thriving trade network and the British and French looked to profit from this Equatorial Africa had few inhabitants and little trade so these vast territories were run by private companies and could coerce African laborers to produce what they wanted Southern Africa • • Afrikaners: Descendants of Dutch settles on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa British settlers arrived in the later 19 th century and brought Indians with them Good pastures and farmland as well as deposits of diamonds, gold, copper, coal, and iron ore The British fought a war against the Zulu people in 1879 Cecil Rhodes: A British imperialist who founded the De Beers diamond company and the colonies of Northern and Southern Rhodesia South African War: The British were able to beat the Afrikaners 1910: Union of South Africa created, Afrikaners are leaders The Natives Land Act forced Africans to live on reservations, leading to bitter segregations

Varieties of Imperialism Some people welcomed European invaders as allies against local enemies They sough Western education and work in government service In exchange, these people were often the first to receive benefits (schools, roads, etc. )

Varieties of Imperialism Others, with pastoral or warrior traditions, fought tenaciously with the Europeans Zulu kingdom in Southern Africa Often these kinds of revolts led to the death of large percentages of African populations

Varieties of Imperialism Ethiopia was able to resist colonization by Italy When Menelik became the Ethiopian emperor in 1889, his nation was Sudanese Muslims to the west and France and Italy to the East Italy had been selling weapons to Ethiopia in order to fend off Muslim invaders When Italy itself tried to take over, they were stopped by a well armed Ethiopian military

Varieties of Imperialism Changes to landholding were especially disruptive to life in Africa Most Africans were farmers and herders but they were often forced to grow cash crops or even moved to reservations to make room for

Varieties of Imperialism Many Africans migrated to cities or mining camps in search of better lives Most of these workers were men, who left their families behind in villages or on reservations Long separations between spouses led to an increase in prostitution and the spread of STDs

Varieties of Imperialism Some African women welcomed colonial rule, as it brought an end to fighting and slave raiding However, women could not find work easily and most “women’s roles” were filled by men