Engine Oil Update Jim Halderman Introduction Jim Halderman

Engine Oil Update Jim Halderman

Introduction: Jim Halderman • • Former flat-rate technician and college instructor Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio. nwww. jameshalderman. com njim@jameshalderman. com

Topics to be Discussed • • • Types of oils API grades SAE grades ILSAC standards ACEA specifications OE specifications (GM, Ford, BMW etc. ) • What’s new?

Determine Five Things 1. The recommended oil change interval 2. The recommended viscosity (SAE rating) 3. The recommended API and ILSAC rating 4. The vehicle specification of the oil 5. The number of quarts needed

Remember The Old Days? • PCMO= passenger car motor oil • Most oils were SAE 10 W-40 or 10 W-30 • Most labels said: “Meets or exceeds all car manufacturer warranty requirements”

Looks like a good oil … Is it?

Does Not Meet GM and Others

High-Mileage Oil • Usually higher viscosity and therefore can not meet ILSAC GF-5 rating • Has esters to swell seals • To be used in engines with higher than 75, 000 miles • Have higher levels of zinc that may harm catalytic converters. • Does not have the energy rating of conventional oils

Look for GM, Ford, Chrysler, Honda and other manufacturers specifications on label

Meets Ford and Chrysler but not GM. Why not? Do you think that all “quickie” oil change places use exactly the correct oil for each vehicle? What about a warranty claim?

Brands • Mobil 1 is the only synthetic that is used by the vehicle manufacturers (GM, Mercedes etc. ) • May be sold under other brand names • Use oil from a known brand

API Service Symbol • Oils designed for vehicles with gasoline engines fall under API’s “S” (Service) categories. (Spark) • Engine oils designed for vehicles with diesel engines fall under API’s “C” (Commercial) categories. (Compression)

API Ratings Gasoline Engine Ratings • SA-SH= obsolete ratings • SJ-2001 and older • SM-2010 and older • SN- 2011+ Diesel Engine Ratings • CA-CC=obsolete • Current ratings = CH-4; CI-4 and CJ-4 (low ash) (2007+ Engines using ULSD) • API “Donut” • Visit: www. api. org

API GROUPS • Group I ($)- Solvent refined (Older technology)(Brad Penn) • Group II ($$)- Hydrocracked(most oils) • Group III ($$$) - Hydrogenated (hydroisomerized) synthetic compounds (hydrowaxed) (Castrol Syntec/EDGE) (In 1999 ruled a synthetic) • Group IV ($$$$) Polyalphaolefin (PAO), (synthetic) Mobil 1 • Group V($$$$$)-Esters (synthetic) Royal Purple and Redline

ILSAC Ratings ILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee • • • GF-1 -First used in 1993 GF-2 -Updated in 1997 GF-3 -Updated in 2000 GF-4 -Updated in 2004 GF-5 -Updated in 2011 • “Star Burst” is always on the front of the container. • GF means gasoline fueled engines • Star Burst indicates that the oil is of a good quality and meets the GF rating. • Usually only 0 W, 5 W and 10 W oils will have this symbol.

What’s Falling? • The viscosity is falling • The sky is NOT falling

Viscosity • Viscosity is a lubricant’s resistance to flow. • The viscosity is normally given in: – c. St (centistokes) or mm²/second – measure of kinematic viscosity C Viscosity is the main factor which influences the efficiency of lubrication © epc graphics

Viscosity Measurement • SAE J 300 • Measured by timing oil flow through a calibrated orifice @ 40°C (104° F) and different size orifice for 100°C (212° F) 40°C or 100 °C Calibrated orifice

Effect of Temperature on Viscosity • Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (“how thick it is”) • Viscosity of a fluid is a function of temperature The oil gets thinner as it gets hotter!!!)

Viscosity Index Improvers VI Improvers - Are polymers (very large molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning out at high temperatures In the Cold With Heat Uncoiling counteracts the normal thinning of oil

VI Improver

Multigrade Oils Viscosity THICK SAE 40 SAE 10 W THIN -18 Temperature (°C) 100

SAE Grades COLD • SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers -22 OF (WINTER) HOT 212 OF • 5 W = The “W” means winter and the oil is tested at low temperatures depending on the viscosity such as -30°C (-22°F) • SAE 5 W-30 = The “ 30” is the viscosity measured at 100° C (212° F) THE “W” DOES NOT STAND FOR “WEIGHT”

Engine Oil Usage in USA

Do customers know? Do service technicians know? • SAE=? (Society of Automotive Engineers) • API=? (American Petroleum Institute) • ILSAC=? (International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee) • ACEA=? (Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles)

Scary Story • New car (hybrid); FREE first oil change • Dealer used SAE 10 W-30 (specified SAE 0 W-20 in owner’s manual) • Service manager said that it was OK to use because it does not get that cold in Ohio. ? ? • Service manager finally said that he was not reimbursed for the more expensive oil

ACEA Gasoline Ratings Association des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles • A 1 -Low friction; low viscosity • A 2 -General use with regular oil changes • A 3 -High performance and/or extended oil change intervals • A 4 -For gasoline directinjected engines • A 5 -Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil change intervals

ACEA Diesel Ratings • B 1 -Low viscosity passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel engines • B 2 - Passenger vehicle indirectinjected diesel engine. Low viscosity. • B 3 -High performance indirectinjected diesel engines; extended oil change interval • B 4 -Direct-injected diesel engines • B 5 -Low viscosity and extended oil change interval

ACEA Combined Ratings • A 1/B 1 -Low HTHS, semisynthetic • A 3/B 3 -High HTHS; Mineral or semi-synthetic • A 4/B 4 -High HTHS; synthetic • A 5/B 5 -Low HTHS, High fuel economy additives; extended oil change intervals; synthetic HTHS =High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity (ASTM D-4683)

ACEA “C” ratings “C” = rating are catalytic converter compatible oils • C 1 - Basically an A 5/B 5 oil with low SAPS, Low HTHS. • C 2 - A 5/B 5 with low HTHS and mid level SAPS • C 3 - Meets 229. 3 with high HTHS and mid level SAPS • C 4 - Low SAPS; High HTHS SAPS = Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur HTHS =High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity

Asian Vehicle Specifications Most Asian brand vehicle manufactures only require SAE, API and ILSAC. These vehicles include: • Acura/Honda • Toyota/Lexus/Scion • Kia • Hyundai • Nissan/Infiniti • Mitsubishi • Mazda • Suzuki

Typical Viscosities • Most newer vehicle manufacturers specify: SAE 0 W-20, SAE 5 W -20 or SAE 5 W-30 • Most hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) specify SAE 0 W-20 or SAE 5 W-20

Vehicle OE Specifications • BMW-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04) • Requires the dealer-level scan tool to run all the auxiliary oil pumps. • Note: The filter is located behind the splash shield in the left front wheel housing. The capacity is 8 liters of BMW synthetic SAE 10 W-60 oil. (cost of an oil change could be $300. 00+)

General Motors • General Motors. GM 6094 M (many GM vehicles); GM 4718 (synthetic- Corvette) dexos 1 (Gasoline engines-2011+)Due to be updated in 2017 dexos 2 (Diesel engines-2011+) Now in SAE 5 W-30; SAE 5 W-20 and SAE 0 W -20 Visit : www. gmdexos. com

OE Specifications-continued Ford. WSS-M 2 C 153 -H; (SAE 5 W-20 GF -3) WSS-M 2 C 929 -A (SAE 5 W-30; 4. 0 Liter; 2. 0 Liter) WSS-M 2 C 930 -A (SAE 5 W-20; GF -4 WSS-M 2 C 931 -A or B (SAE 5 W 50) WSS-M 2 C 931 -B (SAE 5 W-40) WSS-M 2 C 934 -A (SAE 5 W-30) WSS-M 2 C 934 -B (SAE 5 W-20)

OE Specifications-continued • Chrysler • MS-6395 (SAE 0 W-20 or 5 W-20) • MS-10725 MS-10850 (228. 31) (Mercedes engines) MS-12633 (SAE 0 W-40) MS-12991 (Fiat Engines) MS-12996 (replaces MS 10896) MS= Material Standard • Honda-HTO-06 (Mobil 1 for Acura RDX turbo only)

OE Specifications-continued Mercedes 229. 1 -Super high performance diesel -(SHPD) 229. 3 -SHPD extended drain 229. 3 -gas and diesel; extended drain 229. 31 - gas and diesel low ash (LA) 229. 5 - long life (LL) 229. 51 -low ash and LL

OE Specifications-continued VW/Audi. Gasoline engines: 502. 00; 505. 01; 503. 01; 505 Diesel engines: 506 ; 506. 1; 507

What is different with European ratings? • Usually very high viscosity index (VI) often requiring SAE 10 W-50 or 5 W-40 • Extended oil change interval=robust additive package - 30, 000 km (18, 000 mile) or every two years oil change interval! • Low SAPS (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur) • Higher HTHS (High Temperature/ High Shear rate viscosity)

Case Study • VW Passat with a 1. 8 liter turbocharged four cylinder that had been using API approved oil instead of VW 502 oil developed serious oil gelling problems • Some similar vehicle engines have seized

Motorcycle Oil • Be sure to use oil designed for use in motorcycles 1. Higher level of ZDDP 2. Broader viscosity range (usually SAE 10 W-40 or SAE 20 W-50) 3. Often designed to work with a wet clutch

Why is Friction Reduced? Fluid Molecules There is less “friction” between fluid molecules moving over each other than between the two surfaces moving across each other.

Connecting Rod Example

SYNTHETIC OILS MINERAL OILS C 10 H 20 Small molecules vaporize at high temp HH HH S H-C-C-C-H HO HN H Impurities oxidize All molecules same size Large Molecules thicken at low temp

Additives Improve the Base Oil • Viscosity Index (VI) improver – modifies the viscosity of the base fluid so that it changes less as the temperature rises allows the lubricant to operate over a wider temperature range • Pour point depressant – keeps the lubricant flowing at low temperatures • Antifoam – foam reduces the effectiveness of a lubricant – antifoams reduce/stop foaming when the lubricant is agitated or aerated

Additives Protect the Base Oil • Antioxidants – slow down the breakdown of the base fluid caused by oxygen (air) and heat – oxidation is the main cause of lubricant degradation in service • Oxidation of the base fluid causes: – acid formation ( corrosion) – sludges, varnishes ( blockages) • Life of a lubricant in laboratory oxidation tests is often used to give an indication of service life Oxidation

Additives Protect the Engine • Rust inhibitor – inhibits the action of water on ferrous metals (e. g. mild steel) • Corrosion inhibitor – protects non-ferrous metals (e. g. copper) • Anti-wear additive – forms a protective layer on metal surfaces to reduce friction and prevent wear when no lubricant film is present such as ZDDP. • Extreme pressure additive – as for anti-wear additive but functioning only when heavy loads and temperatures are encountered Roller bearing wear Gear tooth wear

ZDDP • The phosphorous content of ZDDP= Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (commonly called zinc and/or phosphorous or ZDP) • API ratings do not specify the zinc content, just oil performance

What About Older Engines? • If flat-bottom (nonroller) lifters are used then a ZDDP additive may be needed during break-in. • However, it is best to use a special break-in oil

How Much Zinc is Needed? • Shell Rotella T 15 W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 ppm zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API SM, GF-4) which contain about 800 ppm zinc

G-Oil • Made from “cow parts” • Biodegradability as per determined by ASTM Standards (2. 1 ASTM D 5864) • Originally designed for outboard motor oil • Biodegrades in less than three days • API rated • ILSAC rated • www. getg. com

Oil Made from Natural Gas • Called “gas-to-liquid” (GTL) technology • Currently being made using the Shell trademark method called Pure Plus • Sold under the trade names of Pennzoil Platinum and Ultra Platinum • Formulated to Group III+ (synthetic) specification

What is Coming? • Coming in late 2016 or early 2017 will be SAE 0 W-16 and SAE 5 W-16. • The “ 16” was selected as to not be confused by using 15. • Driven by Honda for fuel economy reasons • NOT backward compatible (only for 2017 and newer vehicles) • SAE 8 and 12 are now SAE approved. SAE 4 and negative numbers being discussed

ILSAC GF-6 Due out in 2016 or early 2017. Two formulations: • GF-6 A- backward compatible for older vehicles • GF-6 B-Not backward compatible (for use with SAE 0 W-16)

GF-6 Improvements • Increased fuel economy. Viscosity maintained throughout the oil change interval. • Enhanced oil robustness. To ensure acceptable engine oil performance due to service requirements, fuel availability (E 10, E 15, E 85), and emissions. • Protection against “low-speed engine pre-ignition” (LSPi). LSPI that is attributed to engine oil. • Adequate wear protection for frequently started engines. Needed for start/stop systems.

New Diesel Oils • CK-4 will replace CJ-4 in 2017. • Will be backward compatible with earlier API categories • SAE 10 W-30 likely with HTHS labeled “H” with the viscosity • (Non-fuel economy grade)

New Diesel Oil • API FA-4 will NOT be backward compatible • Lower HTHS -Letter “L” in the viscosity (Fuel economy grade). • Will require the use of a Group IV oil (PAO) to meet specs.

Oil Additives? • DON’T USE THEM! • Most, if not all oil experts, warn about adding anything to the oil. • Vehicle manufactures warn not to add any additives to the oil. • Most are friction reducers • Use an oil that meets the needs instead.

The “ 3, 000 Mile Myth” • California’s 3, 000 mile myth program was started because research showed that 73% of California drivers change their oil more frequently than recommended by the vehicle manufacturer • General Motors has joined the campaign.

Oil Life Monitor (OLM) • Algorithm – Computer programs contain algorithms that has instructions a computer should perform • Mileage (3, 750 -7, 500 miles) (usually every 5, 000 miles) • Capacitance sensor (measures the oil)

GM Oil Life Monitor GMOLS (GM Oil Life System) SCAN TOOL DATA STREAM SHOWING OIL INFORMATION

Engine Hours vs. Miles • Usually not an issue with many oil life monitoring systems but it can be. • Most experts figure one hour is equal to about 25 miles of driving. • 369. 9 hours is therefore equal to about 9, 250 miles

Case Study • Dodge Durango 5. 7 liter Hemi with MDS (multiple displacement system) • Oil change using SAE 10 W-30 • Check engine light came on and stored P 0521 DTC stored • DTC Description=Oil pressure not reaching specified at 1, 250 RPM • Changed to specified SAE 5 W 20; cleared DTC ; now no DTC during operation. • Using the incorrect oil can also cause a P 0300 DTC (random misfire detected)

Testing Oil • Oil sample to lab for analysis • For example: • Blackstone Laboratories$25. 00 www. blackstonelabs. com

Oil Test Results • Spectral Exam: Establishes the levels of wear metals, silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for coolant. Note: Silicon = dirt; not sealer • Viscosity: Determines the grade of oil. • Insolubles: Quantifies the percentage of solids present in the oil. • Flash Point: Determines the flash point of the oil to determine whether any contamination is present in the oil (such as fuel)

Understanding the Lab Report • • • Aluminum: Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks) Iron: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part Copper: Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers • • Lead: Bearings Tin: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings Silicon: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors Sodium: Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils. Calcium: Detergent/dispersant additive Magnesium: Detergent/dispersant additive

Oil Related Faults • Gelling and sludge: – Usually caused by extended oil change intervals – Can be caused by coolant in the oil – Engine design or cooling system fault that causes a lot of heat to be in the cylinder which bakes the oil Improperation of the PCV system can also cause engine sludge (gelling).

Watch Out for… • Recommended for use where. . . • May be used where the following specifications apply. . . • Racing/Track formula - What does this mean? • “Synthetic blend" – Which synthetic? (Usually Group III). How much synthetic? (Can be 5% to 30%)

Sample- not API approved

Good Oil Label

Please do the following: • Check the oil level BEFORE changing the oil and document the work order (IMPORTANT) WHY? • Check and use the oil specified by the vehicle manufacturer • Recommend that the oil be changed according to the specified distance/time interval • Check that the oil level is correct • Reset the oil monitor light.

Ultrasonic Oil Level Sensor • Jaguar since 2010 uses an ultrasonic oil level sensor. It uses sound waves that bounce off the oil surface and then displays the oil level. • To check the oil level: Scroll through trip settings using the trip button on the end of the turn signal stalk

Oil light Reset Procedures • Go to www. jameshalderman. com for the chart that shows how to reset the light for all vehicles. FREE Click on “Jim’s Stuff” then look under “favorites”

Always wear PPE

Frequently Asked Questions • Question: Can you go back to using conventional oil after using synthetic? • Answer: Yes. All oil is miscible meaning that it can be mixed.

Frequently Asked Questions • Question: Do I have to break in a new engine on mineral oil before switching to synthetic oil? • Answer: Synthetic oil (Mobil 1) is used by many vehicle manufacturers in new vehicles. Many experts advise keeping mineral oil for the first 5, 000 miles.

Summary 1. Determine five things: Oil change interval; viscosity; API and ILSAC rating, OE specification and number of quarts needed. 2. Most oil is Group II and synthetic can be Group III, IV or V 3. ACEA specifications for European vehicles differ from API specifications. 4. Vehicle manufactures require special oils and publish their own specifications such as GM dexos. 5. Most Asian vehicles can use ILSCA and API-rated oils of the specified viscosity. 6. Special oils include those made from animal parts and natural gas 7. Always check the level of the oil before hoisting the vehicle and record the results.

Information Go to www. Mobil 1. com and search for “chart”. • www. gf-5. com for information on the ILSAC GF-5 rating plus other good oil information • For copy of this Power Point, go to www. jameshalderman. com click on “Jim’s Stuff ”, then “Conference Power Points” (right-click then select “save target as” to save to your computer)

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