DOMESTIC FOREIGN POLICY 1130 121 WARMUP What does

DOMESTIC & FOREIGN POLICY 11/30 – 12/1

WARMUP • What does “nonproliferation” mean? • To prevent an increase or spread of something, especially nuclear weapons

AGENDA • • Unit 6 Vocab Quiz Power. Point with notes Test = December 8 th – 9 th PAC Projects DUE December 14 th (C-Day)

DOMESTIC POLICY • Domestic policy = administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activities within a nation’s borders

DOMESTIC POLICY • Domestic policy includes: • Agriculture, commerce, drugs (legal and illegal), the economy/money, education, energy, the environment, food, health, housing, immigration, language, the military, science, and society/culture • It affects how every person lives in their country every day

DOMESTIC POLICY • The concept of domestic policy has existed since before nations were created • Monarchs and emperors ruled over their lands and decided what they wanted for their people • Domestic policy is shaped by societal changes, which are reflected into law

DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL POLICY • • • Business and Labor Agriculture, the Environment, and Energy Income Security and Health Care Education, Housing, and Transportation Citizenship and Immigration

BUSINESS AND LABOR

THE ECONOMY • One of the government’s most important responsibilities is to manage the nation’s economy • Mixed economy = a combination of capitalist and socialist business practices where the government regulates private businesses • Capitalist economic freedom and socialist government regulation

FREE TRADE • The US supports businesses by promoting free trade • Free trade = the sale of products between countries without tariffs (import taxes) and with no limit on the amount of goods that can be imported • NAFTA = the North American Free Trade Agreement • Signed by the US, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 • Designed to gradually eliminate trade restrictions between those three countries

BUSINESS • Monopoly = • Trust = a board of trustees and they operate as one giant enterprise.

LABOR • Union = an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests • The first successful national labor organization was the American Federation of Labor (founded in 1880 s) • New Deal = FDR’s legislation strengthened labor unions and protected their right to bargain and to strike

LABOR • Closed shop = only members of a union can be hired • Right-to-work laws = state labor laws that requires all workplaces to hire workers without forcing them to join a union • Businesses don’t have to hire only union workers • President Ronald Reagan was one of the most anti-labor union presidents in history • Impact = labor unions weakened as membership declined, tens of thousands of people were laid off, corporations demanded lower wages, and blue-collar jobs decreased from 36% to 25%

AGRICULTURE, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND ENERGY

FARMERS • By 2007, less than 10% of the US’s farms produce more than 60% of agricultural products • • Machinery Fertilizers Pesticides GMOs • Farm policies are developed by the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) • Functions = help farmers market their produce, stabilize farm prices, conserve land, and promote agricultural science research

FARMERS • Subsidy = a sum of money to assist an industry/ business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive • Price supports = the program under which Congress buys farmers’ crops if the market price falls below the support price

THE ENVIRONMENT • The federal government began passing environmental legislation in the 1970 s due to concerns about rising energy costs • Environmental Protection Agency = EPA, created under Richard Nixon, enforces regulations to protect our environment

ENERGY POLICY • The U. S’s energy policy deals with issues on how energy is produced, distributed, and used by the people • Since the 1970 s, the U. S’s main focus has been how to secure a continuous supply of oil • Arab Oil Embargo (winter 1973 -1974): Arab countries cut off oil to the US because the US supported Israel during the Arab-Israeli War

ENERGY POLICY • Two new goals: increase oil production and protect the environment • Offshore drilling • Fracking

THE ENVIRONMENT • Renewable energy = energy that is collected from resources that naturally replenish on a human timescale • • • Wind Sunlight Tides/waves Rain Geothermal (volcanic activity)

THE ENVIRONMENT • Is this renewable energy? NO!

INCOME SECURITY AND HEALTH CARE

INCOME SECURITY • The federal government did not help people find food, health care, housing, etc. well into the 1900 s • The Great Depression changed that • President Roosevelt created Social Security in 1935 • Income security programs = help protect people against their loss of income due to retirement, disability, and unemployment

INCOME SECURITY • Social Security = a government system that provides financial assistance to people with an inadequate or no income • Unemployment insurance = a small source of income for workers who have lost their jobs (laid off) • If they quit or are self-employed, they do not receive unemployment insurance • Welfare = a government program which provides financial aid to individuals or groups who cannot support themselves • Welfare programs are funded by taxpayers

SOCIAL WELFARE • Food stamps = a voucher issued by the government to those on low income, exchangeable for food • Medicare = the federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD)

EDUCATION, HOUSING, AND TRANSPORTATION

PUBLIC EDUCATION • The first modern public school system was established in Indiana in 1816 • States have more authority over public education than the federal government

EDUCATION • Education policy covers preschool – 12 th grade, college/university, graduate school, professional education, adult education and job training • In the past 30 years, states and the federal governments have been increasing their role in shaping education • No Child Left Behind = President George W. Bush signed this act into law in 2002 • Massively increased the federal government’s role in education • States did not have to comply, but if they didn’t, they would lose federal funding • Repealed by Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015, which reduced the federal government’s role in education

HOUSING • The federal government has developed several programs to promote building and purchasing houses • Administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development • Public housing = housing provided for people with low incomes, subsidized by public funds

TRANSPORTATION • The national government contributes to the development and maintenance of channels, locks, dams, canals, ports, highways, railroads, and airports • The Department of Transportation coordinates national transportation policies and programs • Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 = states receive billions of dollars a year to build and improve the interstates • The federal government helps cities build mass-transit systems

THE MILITARY • Nonproliferation = To prevent an increase or spread of something, especially nuclear weapons or nuclear energy • Conscription = also called “the draft”, the forced assignment of people to join the military to fight, especially during a crisis

CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION

CITIZENSHIP • Citizen = a member of a political society • Citizenship = the expected qualities that a person should have as a member of a community • People born in the US are citizens regardless of the citizenship status of their parents (14 th Amendment) • A child born outside of the US to parents who are US citizens is also automatically a US citizen

NATURALIZATION • Naturalization = a legal process by which applications who meet certain qualifications may be granted citizenship. • Requirements = • 1) legal residency in the US for at least 5 years • 2) physical presence in the US for at least half of the past 5 years • 3) at least 18 years of age • 4) have a good moral character (jail = bad) • 5) the ability to speak, read, and write in English • 6) pass a citizenship test about U. S. history and the government • 7) swearing allegiance to the U. S. Constitution and loyalty to the US

NATURALIZATION • Congress has sole power over naturalization (states cannot give citizenship or take it away) • Quotas = numerical limits on how many people are allowed to immigrate from each country

IMMIGRATION • The Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) tried to limit the amount of illegal immigration by requiring employers to verify that potential employees were qualified to work in the US • Amnesty = the act also allowed for amnesty, a presidential order that pardons a group of people who have committed an offense against the government • After 9/11, immigration policies dramatically shifted • • Terrorism Increased deportations Tighter border control Increase in technology

IMMIGRATION • The DREAM Act = Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors • • • Must have entered the US before age 16 Continuously lived here for 5 years Graduate from a US high school or get their GED Demonstrates good moral character Pass criminal background checks • President Obama created a controversial executive order that stops the deportation of young people who meet the DREAM Act requirements because the DREAM Act did not pass the Senate