Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Computers Are

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Computers Are Your Future © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 System Software © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 2

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 What You Will Learn. . . ü The two major components of operating system software ü Why a computer isn’t useful without an operating system ü The five basic functions of an operating system ü What happens when you turn on a computer ü The three major types of user interfaces © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 3

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 What You Will Learn. . . ü The strengths and weaknesses of the most popular operating systems ü The seven essential system utilities ü Data backup procedures ü Troubleshooting techniques © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 4

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 System Software Ø System software includes all of the programs needed to keep a computer and its peripheral devices running smoothly Ø Two major categories of system software are: • Operating systems (OS) • System utilities © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 5

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 The Operating System (OS): The Computer’s Traffic Cop Ø The operating system is a set of programs that perform certain basic functions with a specific type of hardware Ø The functions of the operating system are: • Starting the computer • Managing programs • Managing memory • Handling messages from input and output devices • Enabling user interaction with the computer © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 6

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Starting the Computer Ø Booting – The process of loading or reloading the operating system into the computer’s memory Ø The booting processes are: • Cold boot – Loads the OS when the power is turned on • Warm boot – Reloads the OS when the computer is already on © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 7

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Starting the Computer The computer copies the kernel from the hard drive into the computer’s memory. Ø The kernel: § Is the central part of the operating system § Starts all applications § Manages devices and memory § Resides in memory at all times § Performs other essential functions © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 8

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Starting the Computer The step-by-step booting process (click for each step): Power-on Self-test is completed BIOS is loaded Users are authenticated © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Operating System is loaded System Utilities are loaded System configuration is accomplished Slide 9

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 1: The BIOS and Setup Program Ø ROM (read only memory) – Permanent and unchanging memory Ø BIOS (basic input/output system) – The part of the system software that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and output Ø Load – To transfer from a storage device to memory Ø BIOS is written onto the ROM. Ø Setup program – A special program containing settings that control the computer’s hardware • The program can be accessed while the BIOS information is visible. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 10

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST) Ø POST (power-on-self-test) – A series of tests conducted on the computer’s main memory (random access memory or RAM), input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard disk. • BIOS conducts a Power-On-Self-Test (POST) to check the input/output system for operability. Ø The computer will produce a beeping sound an error message will appear on the monitor if any problems are encountered. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 11

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads Ø BIOS searches for the OS. Ø Settings in the CMOS―complementary metal-oxide semiconductor―determine where to look for the OS. Ø The operating system’s kernel is loaded into the computer’s memory. Ø The OS takes control of the computer and begins loading system configuration information. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 12

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 4: System Configuration Ø Registry – A database that stores information about peripherals and software Ø Peripheral – Device connected to a computer Ø Driver – A utility program that makes peripheral devices function properly Ø The system is configured from the operating system’s registry. Ø Drivers are loaded into memory. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 13

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 5: System Utilities Loads System utilities are loaded into memory. Ø Volume control Ø Antivirus software Ø PC card unplugging utility © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 14

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Step 6: User Authentication Ø Authentication or user login occurs. • • User name Password Ø The user interface starts, enabling user interaction with computer programs. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 15

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Managing Applications Ø Single-tasking operating systems run one application program at a time. Ø Multitasking operating systems have the ability to run more than one application program at a time. Ø Multitasking is accomplished by: • A foreground application – The active program or program in use • One or more background applications – Inactive program(s) or program(s) not in use © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 16

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Example of Multitasking Background application Foreground application © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 17

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Managing Programs Preemptive multitasking – Enables the operating system to regain control if an application stops working © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 18

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Managing Memory Ø Computers use memory to make processing more fluid. Ø The operating system allocates memory areas for each running program; it keeps programs from interfering with each other. Ø The operating system uses virtual memory as an extension of random access memory (RAM). © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 19

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Managing Virtual Memory hard disk page swapped in most recently transferred data or program instructions memory Virtual memory management swap file © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. page swapped out least recently used data or program instructions Slide 20

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Handling Input and Output Ø Input and output devices generate interrupts, or signals, that tell the operating system that something has happened. Ø The OS provides interrupt handlers or mini-programs that begin when an interrupt occurs. Ø Interrupt request (IRQ) lines handle the communications between input/output devices and the CPU. Ø An IRQ conflict causes system instability when two devices try to use the same IRQ line. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 21

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Providing the User Interface Ø The user interface is that part of the operating system with which the user interacts with a computer. Ø User interface functions: • Start application programs • Manage disks and files • Shut down the computer safely © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 22

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Graphical user interface (GUI): Ø Uses graphics to create a desktop environment Ø Icons (small pictures) represent computer resources Ø Programs run within on-screen windows © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 23

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Menu-driven User Interface Menu-driven: Ø Text-based menus are used to show all of the options available to the user. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 24

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Command-Line Interface Command-line: Ø The user is required to type keywords or commands in order to enter data or give instructions © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 25

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Exploring Popular Operating Systems WINDOWS XP WINDOWS CE WINDOWS NT MAC OS X © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 26

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Exploring Popular Operating Systems LINUX © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. MS-DOS UNIX Slide 27

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Microsoft Windows Click to view each Windows version (1985 -2001) Windows Windows 3. x 2000 ME NT XP 2. 0 95 98 (1990 -1992) 1. 0(1998) (1995) (2001) (1993) (1987) (2000) (1985) (2000) © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 28

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Windows XP Ø Released in 2001 by Microsoft Ø XP is short for “experience” Ø Uses the same underlying code for all versions Ø Replaces all previous versions of Windows Ø Three versions: • Windows XP Home Edition • Windows XP Professional • Windows XP Server © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 29

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Windows NT Ø Released in 1993 by Microsoft Ø Designed for client/server systems Ø Two components: • Windows NT Workstation • Windows NT Server Ø Oriented to business needs Ø Offers security, remote administration, directory services, and a Web server © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 30

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Windows CE Ø Released in 1996 by Microsoft Ø System used in PDAs or palmtops Ø Runs simplified versions of Windows programs Ø Data can be transferred to PCs Ø Includes handwriting and voice recognition © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 31

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 MAC OS Ø Created in 1984 Ø First OS to use graphical user interface Ø Easiest operating system for beginners Ø A new version, Mac OS X, was released in 2000 © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 32

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Linux Ø Developed in 1991 by UNIX Ø Open-source code – Available for all to see and use Ø Competes with Windows and MACOS Ø Powerful and free Ø Growing acceptance © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 33

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 MS-DOS Ø Developed for IBM PCs in 1981 Ø Uses command-line interface Ø Use is diminishing © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 34

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 UNIX Ø Developed by AT&T in 1970 s Ø Included first preemptive multitasking system Ø Developed concepts of file management and path names Ø Facilitates client/server networking Ø Widely used by corporations © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 35

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping Ø System utilities are programs that help the operating system manage the computer system’s resources. Ø Types of utilities: • Backup software • Antivirus software • Disk scanning • Disk defragmentation • File management • File-searching software • File compression © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 36

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Backup Software Ø Backup software includes programs that enable the user to copy data from the hard disk to another storage medium Ø Types of backups: • Full backup • Incremental backup © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 37

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Antivirus Software Antivirus software protects the computer from computer viruses. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 38

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 File Management Utilities Ø Known as a file manager Ø Enables the user to perform various tasks on storage devices using files, folders, and directories Ø Tasks include: • Creating folders • Saving, deleting, copying, and moving files and folders • Examining the contents of files • Launching application programs © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 39

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Search programs enable users to find files on storage devices. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 40

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 File Compression Utility A file compression utility reduces the size of a file. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 41

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Disk Scanning Programs Ø Disk-scanning utilities are programs that detect and fix physical and logical problems on storage devices. Ø Disk cleanup utilities are programs that remove files that are no longer needed. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 42

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Disk Defragmentation Programs A disk defragmentation program moves data on a storage device to improve performance. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 43

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 System Update Windows Update keeps the operating system up to date. Øwindowsupdate. microsoft. com © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 44

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Troubleshooting Computer startup failure: Ø Use a boot disk (emergency disk) in the floppy drive. Configuration problems after adding new peripherals: Ø Start the computer in Windows’ safe mode. Ø Access safe mode by pressing the F 8 key during the startup process. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 45

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Troubleshooting System slowdown: Ø Scan for viruses. Ø Check the CPU fan. Ø Defragment the hard disk. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 46

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Shutting Down Your System Ø Click Start, then Turn Off Computer. • Standby - low power state • Shut Down – turns computer off • Restart – reboots computer © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 47

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Summary ü Two of the system software components are the operating system and system utilities. ü The operating system coordinates the functions of a computer’s hardware and provides support for application programs. ü An operating system manages programs, memory, and input/output devices, and it also provides a means of communicating with the user. ü The six steps to start a computer are loading the BIOS, power-on self-test, load operating system, configure system, load utilities, authenticate users. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 48

Computers Are Your Future Chapter 4 Summary (continued) ü Two major operating systems for the personal computer are Microsoft Windows and the Mac OS X. ü The basic types of user interface are command-line, menu-driven, and graphical. ü System utilities keep the computer running efficiently. ü Backup procedures keep data safe. ü Troubleshooting is helpful for discovering errors. © 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 49