Chapter 9 Islamic Empires of Western Asia and

Chapter 9 Islamic Empires of Western Asia and Africa, 600– 1258 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 3) ▪ ▪ ▪ Describe the pre-Islamic religion of the Bedouin and other peoples of Arabia Discuss the role of Muhammad in Islam and the connection of Islam to pagan Arab, Jewish, and Christian faiths Summarize how the succession of Caliphs was determined, what controversies arose over that succession, and how the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates were established Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 3) ▪ ▪ ▪ Identify the Five Pillars and their role in the daily life of Muslims Explain how Islam conquered states in Egypt and Sasanian Persia and the relationship between the Muslims and the conquered peoples, including slaver y Describe the technological and cultural developments that were established at Abbasid Baghdad Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 3) ▪ ▪ Outline the class divisions with the Abbasid society and differentiate them from other cultures of the time Describe the role of slavery in the Abbasid Empire and how it helped to spread Islam Explain the reasons for the collapse of the Abbasid Empire Discuss the role of women in Islam and the insights that the account of Khaizuran provides into the Abbasid Caliphate Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Singing Girl Khaizuran was a slave girl (ca. 739 – 789) who became the wife of the caliph Mahdi (r. 775– 785), the third ruler of the Abbasid caliphate. Khaizuran played an active role in court politics. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Travels of Khaizuran Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Origins of Islam and the First Caliphs, 610– 750 ▪ Caliph: the man who succeeded to the leadership of the Islamic religious community ▪ ▪ Before 945: the successor to Muhammed No political power after 945, but the religious leader of all Muslims Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, ca. 570– 632 (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ ▪ Muhammad was born ca. 570 to a merchant family in Mecca Arabs worshipped many different deities that resided in natural objects Muhammad began to have a series of visions while in his forties, ca. 610 Islam means “submission” or “surrender” to Allah (God) History Channel - Muhammad The Prophet Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, ca. 570– 632 (Slide 2 of 2) The Bedouin Lifestyle ▪ ▪ In 620, people in Medina converted, hoping to end feuding among clans in Bedouin society Jihad is a struggle or fight against non. Muslims CNN: 1997, Osama Bin Laden declares jihad ISIS School Teaches Children Jihad in Afghanistan | FRONTLINE ▪ The Real Meaning Of Jihad Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca | National Geographic World's Largest Pilgrimage - Hajj Documentary Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Certificate of Pilgrimage to Mecca This document, written on paper, testifies that the bearer completed the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1207 and thus fulfilled the Fifth Pillar of Islam. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The First Caliphs and the Sunni-Shiite Split, 632– 661 (Slide 1 of 3) ▪ ▪ Muhammad died without any male heirs; he had four daughters Muslims chose his father-in-law (by his second wife) as his heir ▪ ▪ Abu Bakr was caliph, or “successor” to Muhammad, 632– 634 Next successor was Umar ibn al-Khattab, father of Muhammad’s third wife History of Islam, Part 1 of 5: Reign of Abu Bakr Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. History of Islam, Part 2 of 5: Conquests of Umar Caspian. Report • 167 K views

The First Caliphs and the Sunni-Shiite Split, 632– 661 (Slide 2 of 3) ▪ ▪ Disputes were settled by qadi, or jurists Muslims who had memorized Muhammad’s teachings compiled them as the Quran ▪ ▪ Muslims believe this is the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad Also collected were accounts of Muhammad’s speech and actions, called the hadith BBC Documentary - Lost Secrets Of Quran And Islam Facts & Truth About Koran Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Mufti Menk - Hadith Compilation

The First Caliphs and the Sunni-Shiite Split, 632– 661 (Slide 3 of 3) ▪ ▪ Five Pillars of Islam: primary obligations of each Muslim as listed by Muhammad Permanent split in Islam ▪ ▪ Sunnis: “people of custom and community” Shi’ites: “shia” or “party of Ali” What's the Difference Between Sunni and Shiite Muslims? Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Five Pillars of Islam

Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars All Without a Flamewar: Crash Course World History #13

Early Conquests and the Spread of Islam, 632– 661 (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ ▪ Muslims had a strong army centered on a powerful cavalry Muslims, whether converts or not, paid two taxes ▪ ▪ ▪ One tax on land Second tax on possessions Non-Muslims paid a head tax, a higher tax rate, known as the jizya Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Early Conquests and the Spread of Islam, 632– 661 (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ ▪ ▪ By 642, Islamic forces had conquered Egypt By 650, they controlled an enormous swath of territory from Libya to Central Asia In 650, they vanquished the Sasanian Empire in Persia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Umayyad Caliphate, 661– 750 (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ ▪ ▪ Muawiya, from the Umayyad clan, became caliph in 661 when Ali was assassinated In 680, Ali’s son Hussein tried to become caliph and was defeated by Muawiya’s son Umayyad dynasty, 661– 750 ▪ All caliphs were from the Umayyad family Umayyad Invasion of Gaul (France) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Umayyad Caliphate, 661– 750 (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ Umayyads built their capital at Damascus ▪ ▪ ▪ Relied on Syrian support rather than the Arabian peninsula support Made Arabic their official administrative language after 685 In Damascus, built the Great Mosque over a Christian church with the relics of John the Baptist Ground Zero: Syria (Part 8) - The Pillaging of Umayyad Mosque Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Portraying Paradise on Earth: The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus The most beautiful building in the Umayyad capital of Damascus was the mosque. Some twelve thousand Byzantine craftsmen incorporated mosaics portraying the paradise that Muhammad promised his followers would enter after their deaths. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Conquest of North Africa, 661– 750 ▪ ▪ Umayyad continued the conquest of North Africa Islamic armies conquered the part of North Africa known as the Maghrib ▪ ▪ Modern-day Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia Islam eventually took root in North Africa Christians became a minority in Egypt Arabic was spoken everywhere in North Africa Spain during the Arabic umayyad reign (Al. Andalus) el Andalucia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Unified Abbasid Caliphate, 750– 945 History of the Islamic Golden Age | Religion, Science, & Culture in the Abbasid Empire ▪ Umayyad caliph was assassinated in 744 by Syrians ▪ ▪ Led to a civil war for control of the caliphate Winner established a new dynasty at Baghdad in 750 ▪ Took the name Abbasid caliphate, because it claimed descent from Muhammad’s uncle Abbas Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Baghdad, City of Learning (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ New capital at Baghdad was built by the second Abbasid caliph Mansur ▪ ▪ ▪ Crossroads of European, African, and Asian trade Included a Muslim majority and Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians Manuscripts were translated from Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian into Arabic ▪ Known as the translation movement The Medieval Islamicate World: Crash Course History of Science #7 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Baghdad, City of Learning (Slide 2 of 2) A brief history of numerical systems Alessandra King ▪ ▪ ▪ World’s first workable decimal system Invention of algebra (al-jabr) The invention of the astrolabe ▪ ▪ Used to orient the faithful to Mecca for daily prayers Also functioned as a slide rule Increased paper-making Growth of cotton crops spread from Persia to Egypt and West Africa Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Breakup of the Abbasid Empire Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Determining the Direction of Mecca: The Astrolabe Tom Wujec demos the 13 th-century astrolabe This astrolabe, made in 1216, is a sophisticated mathematical device, which allowed one to chart the movement of the stars. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Governance (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ Baghdad was the center of the Abbasid government ▪ ▪ ▪ Caliph was in charge of the military, bureaucracy, judiciary Chief minister, or vizier, administered the capital Regional governors oversaw the provinces The Golden era of Baghdad Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Governance (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ Caliph established a judicial system throughout empire ▪ A qadi was appointed for each province, with a chief qadi in Baghdad ▪ ▪ Judges drawn from ulama, who were learned Islamic scholars trained in the Quran, the hadith, legal texts Even the Abbasid royal family was subject to the qadi Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Society ▪ Islamic society was egalitarian ▪ ▪ Except for privileged status of the royal family Abbasid rulers increasingly adopted Sasanian traditions of royal privilege Merchants were also respected within the Abbasid culture The capital shifted to Baghdad increased the amount of long-distance trade within the empire as a whole Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Slavery ▪ Long-distance trade included slave trade ▪ ▪ Most slaves came from central Africa, central Asia, and central and eastern Europe Slave trading provided an opportunity for Muslims to convert others ▪ ▪ Muslim merchants would introduce Islam to other merchants Children born to a Muslim father and a slave were raised as free Muslims Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Politics of the Harem ▪ Most Muslims grew up in nuclear families, with one mother and father ▪ ▪ ▪ Islamic law allowed four wives, but most men could only afford one Caliphs could afford four wives and as many concubines as they wanted Women in the caliph’s harem were secluded from society What Really Went on in the Ottoman Harem? ▪ Guarded by eunuchs The Sultan's Harem: Life was not glamorous at all Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Zubaydah’s Road Zubaydah made so many improvements to the road linking Kufa, a city outside Baghdad, with Mecca and Medina that it came to be called Darb Zubaydah, or Zubaydah's Road. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Resting Place on the Darb Zubaydah This painting, from an illustrated thirteenthcentury manuscript of collected anecdotes, shows what a resting place on the Darb Zubaydah might have looked like. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Breakup of the Abbasid Empire, 809– 936 ▪ ▪ Abbasid Empire was weakened by a shortage of money and political rivalry Caliphs forced to seek emergency loans Over time, the caliphs gave away more and more their powers In 936, the caliph granted all his power to an iqta grant holder Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Rise and Fall of Islam's Golden Age

The Rise of Regional Centers, 945– 1258 Córdoba, Spain: Magnificent Mezquita ▪ Regional Islamic states ▪ ▪ Baghdad was conquered again in 1055, this time by Seljuq Turks Córdoba replaced Baghdad as the center of Islamic education and culture ▪ Muslims and catholics in cathedral dispute ▪ ▪ Córdoba transmitted Islamic learning and innovations to Christian Europe The geographer al-Bakri provided a rare, detailed description of Central Africa Islam spread into Afghanistan, Pakistan, and north India and the interior of Africa Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Ibn Jubayr’s Hajj in 1183 (Slide 1 of 2) ▪ With the collapse of the Abbasid political empire, making the hajj became more complicated ▪ ▪ Crossing from one Islamic state to another sometimes entailed fees or duties Newer converts also needed help in making the hajj, such as guidance in rituals Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Ibn Jubayr’s Hajj in 1183 (Slide 2 of 2) ▪ The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (1145– 1217) describes the hajj of Ibn Jubayr, a courtier from Granada, Spain ▪ ▪ Men were allowed to wear two pieces of unsewn cloth, while women required more to cover all but face, hands, feet No sex, eating meat, or cutting hair or nails was allowed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Ihram Clothing During the Hajj This Iranian watercolor from the early 1400 s shows male hajj pilgrims wearing the prescribed ritual dress of two pieces of white clothing. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

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Mecca’s New Look The illuminated clock face of the Royal Mecca Clock Tower, completed in 2011, looms high above the enclosure housing the cube-shaped shrine of the Kaaba, which means “cube” in Arabic. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Islam and Politics: Crash Course World History 216

Chapter Timeline EVENT Religion and Culture: Lifetime of Muhammed For Comparison: Buddhism, Hinduism established in Asia Politics and War: Conquest of Arabia, Syria, Egypt Politics and War: First four caliphs Religion and Culture: Quran compiled as written book Religion and Culture: Assassination of Ali; Shi'ite/Sunni split Politics and War: Umayyad caliphate Politics and War: Conquest of North Africa APPROXIMATE DATES (CE) Circa 570 to 632 Lifetime of Khaizuran Politics and War: United Abbasid caliphate Politics and War: Umayyad caliphate is Spain Religion and Culture: Mansur promotes translation of classical texts Religion and Culture: Zubaydah's Road built for hajj pilgrims; Al-Khwarizmi invents algebra Politics and War: Shi'ite Buyids seize Abbasid caliphate For Comparison: Christianity established in Northern and Eastern Europe For Comparison: Islam spreads to northern and eastern Africa Religion and Culture: Al-Idrisi's world map 739 to 789 750 to 945 Politics and War: Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt Religion and Culture: Pilgrimage of Ibn Jubayr Politics and War: Saladin retakes Jerusalem from Crusaders Politics and War: Mongols depose caliph 1, 171 to 1, 250 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 600 632 to 642 632 to 661 650 661 to 750 670 to 711 750 to 1, 031 754 to 775 Circa 800 945 to 1, 055 1, 000 to 1, 300 1, 154 1, 183 -1, 185 1, 187 1, 258