Chapter 8 Neoplasms Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors

Chapter 8 Neoplasms

Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors • Neoplasm • Tumor • These 2 terms can be used interchangeably – Exceptions: hematoma & leukemia

Classes of Neoplasms • 2 large classes – Benign tumors – Malignant tumors

Classes of Neoplasms • Benign tumors – Treatment:

Classes of Neoplasms • Malignant tumors – Metastasis may occur:

Naming Neoplasms • Benign tumors – Polyp/papilloma – Others named by adding suffix –oma to a prefix of cells origin

Naming Neoplasms • Malignant tumors – Classified into 3 groups • Carcinoma • Sarcoma • Leukemias

Naming Neoplasms • Naming exceptions – Lymphoid tumors – Skin tumors of pigment-producing cells – Tumors of mixed cellular components

Naming Neoplasms: Exceptions • Lymphoid tumors – Lymphoma

Naming Neoplasms: Exceptions • Skin tumors of pigment-producing cells – Epidermis contains melanocytes • Produce: – Benign skin lesion – Malignant skin lesion

Naming Neoplasms: Exceptions • Nevus vs. melanoma – ABCD’s

Naming Neoplasms: Exceptions • Tumors of mixed cellular components – Teratoma

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Multiple genetic mutations/alterations of DNA must occur • Causes of genetic mutations – Exposure to carcinogens such as:

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Continued exposure promotes abnormality of the cells – Abnormal cells attempt to become established & thrive • If not firmly established they are considered preneoplastic or precancerous • If precancerous cells invade surrounding tissue it becomes a malignant neoplasm • With continued exposure: normal hyperplasia dysplasia metaplasia neoplasia

Grading and Staging of Neoplasms • Used to determine prognosis & plan of treatment – Usually requires a biopsy • Removing a small piece of tissue • Grading (I-IV) – Microscopic examination to determine how abnormal cells are • Grade I tumors: resemble normal cells • Grade IV tumors: undifferentiated & grow rapidly • Staging (I-IV) – Determines extent of spread of a neoplasm • Stage I tumors: localized & small • Stage IV tumors: metastasized • The higher the number the more widespread (poor prognosis)

Cancer Prevention • American Cancer Society Recommended preventative measures: – Do not smoke – Limit alcohol intake – Protect skin from excessive sun exposure – Use hormone therapy only as long as necessary – Avoid heavily polluted air, household solvents, and paint thinners – Monitor calorie intake and exercise

Cancer Prevention • Monthly examinations – Breast • Regular checkups – Mammogram – Papanicolaou (pap) smears for females – Prostate examinations for males – Rectal examinations for males and females

Frequency of Cancer • Second leading cause of death in United States • Affects one in two males and one in three females • Affects people of all ages – Both male and female • Most common: – Basal and squamous cell skin cancer

Frequency of Cancer • Most common (excluding skin cancer): – Lung – Colon – Breast – Uterus – Prostate

Diagnosis of Cancer • Prognosis best if found treated early – Routine screening helpful – May be found accidentally • Once discovered, biopsy recommended

Cancer Treatment • Treatment can be – Curative: – Palliative: – Preventative: • Treatment may include: – Surgery – Chemotherapy: – Radiation:

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