Chapter 25 Fungi Fig 31 1 Fig 31

Chapter 25 Fungi

Fig. 31 -1

Fig. 31 -2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium

Fig. 31 -3 Nuclei Cell wall Pore Septum (a) Septate hypha Nuclei (b) Coenocytic hypha

Fig. 31 -5 -3 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Heterokaryotic stage PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2 n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS GERMINATION Spores

Fig. 31 -6 2. 5 µm

Fig. 31 -7 10 µm Parent cell Bud

Fig. 31 -11 Hyphae Chytrids (1, 000 species) Zygomycetes (1, 000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65, 000 species) Basidiomycetes (30, 000 species) 25 µm

Fig. 31 -13 -4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2 n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Mating type (–) Gametangia with haploid nuclei 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Sporangia Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Spores Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium Diploid nuclei

Glomeromycetes • The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes • They are now classified in a separate clade • Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Fig. 31 -15 2. 5 µm

Fig. 31 -16 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Fig. 31 -17 -4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Dispersal Germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2 n) Mating type (+) Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium Germination Dispersal Ascocarp Asci SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Fig. 31 -18 a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

Fig. 31 -18 b Puffballs emitting spores

Fig. 31 -18 c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Fig. 31 -19 -4 Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Haploid mycelia Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidium Basidia (n+n) Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid nuclei Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2 n)

Fig. 31 -20

Fig. 31 -23 a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Fig. 31 -23 b Crustose (encrusting) lichens

Fig. 31 -23 c A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Fig. 31 -24 Ascocarp of fungus 20 µm Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell Fungal hyphae Soredia

Fig. 31 -25 a (a) Corn smut on corn

Fig. 31 -25 b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

Fig. 31 -25 c (c) Ergots on rye

Fig. 31 -26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Fig. 31 -UN 6 a

Fig. 31 -UN 6 b

Fig. 31 -UN 6 c

Fig. 31 -UN 6 d

Fig. 31 -UN 6 e

You should now be able to: 1. List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other multicellular kingdoms 2. Describe the life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer and Neurospora crassa 3. Distinguish among zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes 4. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems, lichens, animal-fungi mutualistic symbioses, food production, and medicine and as pathogens