Fig 34 3 Dorsal hollow nerve cord Muscle

Fig. 34 -3 Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Notochord Mouth Muscular, post-anal tail Anus Pharyngeal slits or clefts

Fig. 34 -4 Cirri 2 cm Mouth Pharyngeal slits Atrium Notochord Digestive tract Atriopore Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Segmental muscles Anus Tail

Fig. 34 -5 Incurrent siphon to mouth Water flow Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Excurrent siphon Atrium Pharynx with slits Tunic Excurrent siphon Tail Muscle segments Incurrent siphon Intestine Anus Intestine Esophagus Stomach An adult tunicate Excurrent siphon Stomach Atrium Pharynx with slits A tunicate larva

Fig. 34 -2 Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Chordates Cephalochordata (lancelets) ANCESTRAL DEUTEROSTOME Urochordata (tunicates) Notochord Head Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Vertebral column Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Jaws, mineralized skeleton Lungs or lung derivatives Lobe-fins Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Lobed fins Amniotic egg Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Mammalia Milk (mammals) Amniotes Legs Tetrapods Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Petromyzontida (lampreys) Craniates Myxini (hagfishes) Common ancestor of chordates

Fig. 34 -17 (a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) (b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) (c) Sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus) (d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii)

Fig. 34 -21 (a) Order Urodela (b) Order Anura (c) Order Apoda

Fig. 34 -27 (a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) (b) Australian thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus) (c) Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri) (d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) (e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Fig. 34 -30 (a) Emu (b) Mallards (c) Laysan albatrosses (d) Barn swallows

Fig. 34 -35 b

Fig. 34 -39 (a) Gibbon (b) Orangutan (c) Gorilla (d) Chimpanzees (e) Bonobos