Fig 29 1 Fig 29 2 30 nm

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Fig. 29 -1

Fig. 29 -1

Fig. 29 -2 30 nm

Fig. 29 -2 30 nm

Fig. 29 -3 5 mm Chara species, a pond organism Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk-shaped

Fig. 29 -3 5 mm Chara species, a pond organism Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk-shaped charophyte that also lives in ponds (LM) 40 µm

Fig. 29 -4 Red algae Chlorophytes Plantae Embryophytes Streptophyta Charophytes Viridiplantae ANCESTRAL ALGA

Fig. 29 -4 Red algae Chlorophytes Plantae Embryophytes Streptophyta Charophytes Viridiplantae ANCESTRAL ALGA

Fig. 29 -5 a Gametophyte (n) Mitosis n n Spore Gamete from another plant

Fig. 29 -5 a Gametophyte (n) Mitosis n n Spore Gamete from another plant Mitosis n n Gamete MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION 2 n Mitosis Sporophyte (2 n) Alternation of generations Zygote

Fig. 29 -5 b 2 µm Embryo Maternal tissue Wall ingrowths 10 µm Placental

Fig. 29 -5 b 2 µm Embryo Maternal tissue Wall ingrowths 10 µm Placental transfer cell (outlined in blue) Embryo (LM) and placental transfer cell (TEM) of Marchantia (a liverwort)

Fig. 29 -5 c Spores Sporangium Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Sporophyte Gametophyte

Fig. 29 -5 c Spores Sporangium Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Sporophyte Gametophyte Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)

Fig. 29 -5 d Female gametophyte Archegonium with egg Antheridium with sperm Male gametophyte

Fig. 29 -5 d Female gametophyte Archegonium with egg Antheridium with sperm Male gametophyte Archegonia and antheridia of Marchantia (a liverwort)

Fig. 29 -5 e Apical meristem of shoot Shoot Developing leaves 100 µm Apical

Fig. 29 -5 e Apical meristem of shoot Shoot Developing leaves 100 µm Apical meristems Apical meristem of root Root 100 µm

Fig. 29 -6 (b) Fossilized sporophyte tissue (a) Fossilized spores

Fig. 29 -6 (b) Fossilized sporophyte tissue (a) Fossilized spores

Table 29 -1

Table 29 -1

Fig. 29 -7 1 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 2 Origin of

Fig. 29 -7 1 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 2 Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) 3 Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya) Hornworts 1 Mosses Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) 3 Angiosperms 450 400 350 300 Millions of years ago (mya) 50 0 Seed plants Gymnosperms Vascular plants 2 Seedless vascular plants Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) 500 Land plants ANCESTRAL GREEN ALGA Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Liverworts

Fig. 29 -UN 1 Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Fig. 29 -UN 1 Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Fig. 29 -8 -1 “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n)

Fig. 29 -8 -1 “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) Protonemata (n) Spores “Bud” Gametophore Female gametophyte (n) Spore dispersal Rhizoid Peristome Sporangium MEIOSIS 2 mm Mature sporophytes Capsule with peristome (SEM) Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Female gametophytes

Fig. 29 -8 -2 Raindrop Sperm “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid

Fig. 29 -8 -2 Raindrop Sperm “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) Protonemata (n) Antheridia “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Female Archegonia gametophyte (n) Spore dispersal Rhizoid Peristome FERTILIZATION Sporangium MEIOSIS 2 mm Mature sporophytes Capsule with peristome (SEM) Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Female gametophytes (within archegonium)

Fig. 29 -8 -3 Raindrop Sperm “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid

Fig. 29 -8 -3 Raindrop Sperm “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) Protonemata (n) Antheridia “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Female Archegonia gametophyte (n) Spore dispersal Rhizoid Peristome FERTILIZATION Sporangium MEIOSIS Mature sporophytes Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Zygote (2 n) (within archegonium) Embryo 2 mm Archegonium Capsule with peristome (SEM) Young sporophyte (2 n) Female gametophytes

2 mm Fig. 29 -8 a Capsule with peristome (SEM)

2 mm Fig. 29 -8 a Capsule with peristome (SEM)

Fig. 29 -9 a Thallus Gametophore of female gametophyte Sporophyte Foot Seta Marchantia sporophyte

Fig. 29 -9 a Thallus Gametophore of female gametophyte Sporophyte Foot Seta Marchantia sporophyte (LM) 500 µm Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Capsule (sporangium)

Fig. 29 -9 b Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort

Fig. 29 -9 b Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort

Fig. 29 -9 c An Anthoceros hornwort species Sporophyte Gametophyte

Fig. 29 -9 c An Anthoceros hornwort species Sporophyte Gametophyte

Fig. 29 -9 d Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Capsule Seta Sporophyte (a sturdy plant

Fig. 29 -9 d Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Capsule Seta Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Gametophyte

Fig. 29 -10 RESULTS Annual nitrogen loss (kg/ha) 6 5 4 3 2 1

Fig. 29 -10 RESULTS Annual nitrogen loss (kg/ha) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 With moss Without moss

Fig. 29 -11 (a) Peat being harvested (b) “Tollund Man, ” a bog mummy

Fig. 29 -11 (a) Peat being harvested (b) “Tollund Man, ” a bog mummy

Fig. 29 -11 a (a) Peat being harvested

Fig. 29 -11 a (a) Peat being harvested

Fig. 29 -11 b (b) “Tollund Man, ” a bog mummy

Fig. 29 -11 b (b) “Tollund Man, ” a bog mummy

Fig. 29 -UN 2 Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Fig. 29 -UN 2 Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Fig. 29 -12 Sporophytes of Aglaophyton major

Fig. 29 -12 Sporophytes of Aglaophyton major

Fig. 29 -13 -1 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Sporangium

Fig. 29 -13 -1 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Sporangium Sorus Fiddlehead Mature sporophyte (2 n)

Fig. 29 -13 -2 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore

Fig. 29 -13 -2 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore (n) Sporangium Sorus Fiddlehead Mature sporophyte (2 n) Antheridium Young gametophyte Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium Egg FERTILIZATION Sperm

Fig. 29 -13 -3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore

Fig. 29 -13 -3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2 n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore (n) Sporangium Mature sporophyte (2 n) Antheridium Young gametophyte Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium Egg New sporophyte Zygote (2 n) Sorus Gametophyte Fiddlehead FERTILIZATION Sperm

Fig. 29 -14 Vascular tissue Sporangia Microphyll Overtopping growth Other stems become reduced and

Fig. 29 -14 Vascular tissue Sporangia Microphyll Overtopping growth Other stems become reduced and flattened. (a) Microphylls (b) Megaphylls Megaphyll Webbing develops.

Fig. 29 -UN 3 Homosporous spore production Sporangium on sporophyll Single type of spore

Fig. 29 -UN 3 Homosporous spore production Sporangium on sporophyll Single type of spore Typically a bisexual gametophyte Eggs Sperm Heterosporous spore production Megasporangium on megasporophyll Megaspore Female gametophyte Eggs Microsporangium on microsporophyll Microspore Male gametophyte Sperm

Fig. 29 -15 a Lycophytes (Phylum Lycophyta) 2. 5 cm Isoetes Strobili (clusters of

Fig. 29 -15 a Lycophytes (Phylum Lycophyta) 2. 5 cm Isoetes Strobili (clusters of gunnii, a quillwort sporophylls) 1 cm Selaginella apoda, a spike moss Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss

Selaginella apoda, a spike moss 1 cm Fig. 29 -15 b

Selaginella apoda, a spike moss 1 cm Fig. 29 -15 b

Fig. 29 -15 c Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort

Fig. 29 -15 c Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort

Fig. 29 -15 d 2. 5 cm Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a

Fig. 29 -15 d 2. 5 cm Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss

Fig. 29 -15 e Pterophytes (Phylum Pterophyta) Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern Equisetum arvense, field

Fig. 29 -15 e Pterophytes (Phylum Pterophyta) Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern Vegetative stem 2. 5 cm 1. 5 cm 25 cm Strobilus on fertile stem

Fig. 29 -15 f 25 cm Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern

Fig. 29 -15 f 25 cm Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern

Fig. 29 -15 g Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Vegetative stem 1. 5 cm Strobilus

Fig. 29 -15 g Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Vegetative stem 1. 5 cm Strobilus on fertile stem

Fig. 29 -15 h 2. 5 cm Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern

Fig. 29 -15 h 2. 5 cm Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern

Fig. 29 -16

Fig. 29 -16

Fig. 29 -UN 4 Gametophyte Mitosis n Apical meristem of shoot Developing leaves n

Fig. 29 -UN 4 Gametophyte Mitosis n Apical meristem of shoot Developing leaves n n Spore Gamete n MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Zygote 2 n Mitosis Haploid Sporophyte Diploid 1 Alternation of generations Archegonium with egg 2 Apical meristems Antheridium with sperm 3 Multicellular gametangia Sporangium Spores 4 Walled spores in sporangia

Fig. 29 -UN 4 a Gametophyte Mitosis n n Spore Gamete MEIOSIS n n

Fig. 29 -UN 4 a Gametophyte Mitosis n n Spore Gamete MEIOSIS n n FERTILIZATION 2 n Zygote Mitosis Haploid Sporophyte Alternation of generations Diploid

Fig. 29 -UN 4 b Apical meristem of shoot Apical meristems Developing leaves

Fig. 29 -UN 4 b Apical meristem of shoot Apical meristems Developing leaves

Fig. 29 -UN 4 c Archegonium with egg Multicellular gametangia Antheridium with sperm

Fig. 29 -UN 4 c Archegonium with egg Multicellular gametangia Antheridium with sperm

Fig. 29 -UN 4 d Sporangium Walled spores in sporangia Spores

Fig. 29 -UN 4 d Sporangium Walled spores in sporangia Spores

Fig. 29 -UN 5

Fig. 29 -UN 5

Fig. 29 -UN 6

Fig. 29 -UN 6

Fig. 29 -UN 7

Fig. 29 -UN 7