Chapter 2 STRESS THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE Copyright 2016

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Chapter 2 STRESS: THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights

Chapter 2 STRESS: THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

What Is Stress? Commonly, stress refers to two different things: Situations that trigger physical

What Is Stress? Commonly, stress refers to two different things: Situations that trigger physical and emotional reactions Stressors The reactions themselves Stress response Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2

Physical Responses to Stressors Two systems in your body are responsible for the physical

Physical Responses to Stressors Two systems in your body are responsible for the physical response Nervous system (brain/spinal cord) Endocrine system (glands that produce and secrete hormones) Rapid chemical reactions prime the body to act quickly and appropriately Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

The Nervous System Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves Voluntary/involuntary Handles very short-term (acute)

The Nervous System Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves Voluntary/involuntary Handles very short-term (acute) stress Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic division Relaxed state Sympathetic division Stimulated state Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4

The Endocrine System Endocrine system: glands, tissues, and cells that help control body functions

The Endocrine System Endocrine system: glands, tissues, and cells that help control body functions Releases hormones Helps prepare the body to respond to stress Handles both acute and chronic stress Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5

The Two Systems Together How do the nervous system and endocrine system work together

The Two Systems Together How do the nervous system and endocrine system work together in an emergency? Adrenal glands are activated, releasing cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) They rigger physiological changes (fight-or-flight) Heart rate and respiration accelerate Hearing and vision become more acute Liver releases extra sugar into the bloodstream Perspiration increases Brain releases endorphins Homeostasis Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (1) Responses to stress vary from person to

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (1) Responses to stress vary from person to person Cognitive appraisal of a potential stressor influences how it is viewed Highly individual; related to emotions Two factors that can reduce the magnitude of the stress response: Successful prediction Perception of control Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (2) Behavioral responses to stress Controlled by the

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (2) Behavioral responses to stress Controlled by the somatic nervous system Effective responses: talking, laughing, exercise, and improved time management Ineffective responses: overeating, hostility, procrastination, frustration Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (3) Personality types Type A: overcompetitive, controlling, impatient,

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (3) Personality types Type A: overcompetitive, controlling, impatient, aggressive Type B: relaxed, contemplative Type C: anger suppression, hopelessness, despair Type D: anxious, depressed, irritable Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (4) Hardiness People with the personality trait of

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (4) Hardiness People with the personality trait of “hardiness” or a resilient personality can cope more positively with stress Committed to their activities, have a sense of inner purpose, and an inner locus of control. Resilience Nonreactive resilience Homeostatic resilience Positive growth resilience Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (5) Other factors that influence emotional and behavioral

Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Stressors (5) Other factors that influence emotional and behavioral responses to stress Cultural background Gender Experience Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11

The General Adaptation Syndrome (1) Predictable response pattern to all stressors Eustress: brought on

The General Adaptation Syndrome (1) Predictable response pattern to all stressors Eustress: brought on by a pleasant stressor Distress: brought on by an unpleasant stressor Three stages: Alarm (Fight-or-Flight) Shock phase followed by antishock (fight-or-flight) phase Resistance Exhaustion Allostatic load: long-term wear and tear of the stress response Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

The General Adaptation Syndrome (2) Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

The General Adaptation Syndrome (2) Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

Links between Stress and Specific Conditions Cardiovascular disease Chronic high blood pressure Atherosclerosis Heart

Links between Stress and Specific Conditions Cardiovascular disease Chronic high blood pressure Atherosclerosis Heart attacks, strokes Elevated cholesterol, inflammation Psychological problems Stressors can be anxiety-producing or depressing Panic attacks Eating disorders Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14

Other Health Problems Altered functioning of the immune system Headaches Tension headaches Migraine headaches

Other Health Problems Altered functioning of the immune system Headaches Tension headaches Migraine headaches Cluster headaches Digestive problems Insomnia Injuries Menstrual irregularities, impotence, pregnancy complications Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15

Managing Stress Sleep is important for controlling stress Adults need 7 to 9 hours

Managing Stress Sleep is important for controlling stress Adults need 7 to 9 hours every night Sleep and stress Sleep deprivation Sleep problems Insomnia Sleep apnea Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16

Sleep Apnea Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or

Sleep Apnea Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17

Managing Stress Time Management Striving for spiritual wellness: Spiritual wellness is associated with greater

Managing Stress Time Management Striving for spiritual wellness: Spiritual wellness is associated with greater coping skills/higher levels of overall wellness Confiding in yourself through writing: Keep a journal Cognitive Techniques Relaxation Techniques Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18

Counterproductive Coping Strategies Tobacco use Use of alcohol and other drugs, including: Caffeine Marijuana

Counterproductive Coping Strategies Tobacco use Use of alcohol and other drugs, including: Caffeine Marijuana Opioids Unhealthy eating habits Copyright © 2016 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19

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