Ch 13 Viruses and Prions Student Learning Outcomes

Ch 13 Viruses and Prions

Student Learning Outcomes Differentiate a virus from a bacterium. Explain the difference between enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. Define viral species. Describe how bacteriophages and animal viruses are cultured. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages. Define oncogene and transformed cell. Discuss the relationship between viruses and cancer. Explain latent viral infections and give an example. Discuss how a proteins can be infectious. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foundations of Virology Non-living agents that infect all life forms (phages vs. animal viruses) Viral cultivation differs from bacterial cultivation 1, 500 known viruses (estimates: 400, 000 exist) Advent of EM allowed for visualization of viruses Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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General Characteristics of Viruses § Obligatory intracellular parasites § Filterable § Virus = Latin for poison § Contain DNA or RNA § Contain a protein coat = capsid made up of capsomeres. Various shapes § Some are enclosed by an envelope (naked vs. enveloped) § Some viruses have spikes (COH/protein) § Most viruses are tissue specific § Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Virus Shapes and Sizes Fig 13. 1

Polyhedral

Morphology of an enveloped helical virus Fig 13. 3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Host Range and Specificity Virus / host cell interaction usually very specific (narrow host range) – due to? Tissue tropism Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Taxonomy of Viruses § No evidence for common viral ancestor. § Classification based on type of NA, strategy for replication, and morphology. § Family names end in –viridae § Genus and species names end in -virus. § Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common names are used for species. § Subspecies are designated by a number. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Taxonomy of Viruses § Herpesviridae § Herpesvirus § Human herpes virus HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. § Retroviridae § Lentivirus § Human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1, HIV-2

Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification Fig 13. 6 of Viruses § Viruses must be grown in living cells Bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria Animal viruses may be grown in cell culture, embryonated eggs, or living animals Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig 13. 8

Virus Identification § Cytopathic effects § Serological tests § Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient § Use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot § Nucleic acids § RFLPs § PCR § Novel methods such as Biophotonics Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Viral Replication § Obligate intracellular parasites using host cell machinery § Very limited number of genes encode proteins for § Capsid formation § Viral nucleic acid replication § Movement of virus into and out of cell § Kill or live in harmony within the host cell – Outside the cell, viruses are inert Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bacteriophage: The Lytic Cycle 1. Attachment to cell surface receptors (chance encounter – no active movement) 2. Penetration – only genome enters 3. Biosynthesis – Production of phage DNA and proteins 4. Maturation – assembly to form intact phage 5. Release due to phage induced lysozyme production See Fig 13. 11

Lytic Cycle of a T-Even Bacteriophage 1 2 3 Fig 13. 11 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lytic Cycle of a T-Even Bacteriophage 4 Fig 13. 11 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Results of Multiplication of Bacteriophages § Lytic cycle § Lytic or virulent phage § Phage causes lysis and death of host cell § Lysogenic cycle § § Lysogenic or temperate phage Phage DNA incorporated in host DNA Prophage Phage conversion Specialized transduction ANIMATION Viral Replication: Virulent Bacteriophages ANIMATION Viral Replication: Temperate Bacteriophages Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig 13. 12

Some animal viruses exit the host cells via budding. HSV envelopment and release Copyright © 2010 to Pearson Education, Inc. Compare Fig. 13. 20

Multiplication of DNA Viruses Foundation Fig 13. 15 ANIMATION Viral Replication: Animal Viruses

Multiplication of RNA Viruses Fig 13. 17

Multiplication of a Retrovirus Fig 13. 19

Cancer uncontrolled mitotic divisions Benign vs. malignant tumors Oncology 3 important characteristics of cancer cells: 1. Rapid cell division 2. Loss of anchoring junctions and contact inhibition metastasis 3. Dedifferentiation of cells

Viruses and Cancer § The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell’s DNA ( provirus). § Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes § Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells § Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor-specific transplant antigens, and T antigens § Oncogenic Viruses are responsible for 10 % of human cancers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Oncogenic DNA Viruses and RNA Viruses ØPapilloma virus (HPV) cervical cancer ØEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) Burkitt’s lymphoma ØHV 8 Kaposi’s sarcoma ØHepatitis B virus (HBV) liver cancer ØHepatitis C virus (HCV) liver cancer Øhuman T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)

Latent and Persistent Viral Infections Latent: Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods Persistent: Disease processes occurs over a long period; generally is fatal Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig 13. 21

Prions § Small proteinaceous infectious particles (very resistant to inactivation) § Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments § Causes spongiform encephalopathies: § § § Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow disease § Pr. PC: Normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface. Involved in cell death. § Pr. PSc: Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spongiform Encephalopaties Caused by altered protein: § Mutation in normal Pr. Pc gene (sporadic CJD), or § contact with the abnormal Pr. PSc protein ANIMATION Prion: Overview ANIMATION Prion: Characteristics ANIMATION Prion: Diseases