Ben Shneiderman HumanComputer Interaction Laboratory Department of Computer
Ben Shneiderman Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory & Department of Computer Science University of Maryland Web 3 D: Phoenix, February 26, 2002
or Not 3 D: When and Why Does it Work? Ben Shneiderman Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory & Department of Computer Science University of Maryland Web 3 D: Phoenix, February 26, 2002
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education www. cs. umd. edu/hcil
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) § § Specify users and tasks Predict and measure • • § time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) § § Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context
Design Issues § Input devices & strategies • • • § Output devices & formats • • • § § Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training www. awl. com/DTUI usableweb. com useit. com
Library of Congress § Scholars, Journalists, Citizens § Teachers, Students
Visible Human Explorer (NLM) § Doctors § Surgeons § Researchers § Students
NASA Environmental Data § Scientists § Farmers § Land planners § Students
Bureau of Census § Economists, Policy makers, Journalists § Teachers, Students
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think § Visual bandwidth is enormous • • § Human perceptual skills are remarkable • Trend, cluster, gap, outlier. . . • Color, size, shape, proximity. . . Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities • • • Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments
www. spotfire. com
www. spotfire. com
Fisheye views and Zooming User Interfaces § § Distortion to magnify areas of interest User-control, zoom factors of 3 -5 Multi-scale spaces Zoom in/out & Pan left/right Smooth zooming Semantic zooming http: //www. cs. umd. edu/hcil/jazz/
Glass. Eye (see Hochheiser paper in www. cs. umd. edu/hcil)
Spectrum of 3 -D Visualizations § § Immersive Virtual Environment with head-mounted stereo display and head tracking Desktop 3 -D for 3 -D worlds • medical, architectural, scientific visualizations, games § Desktop 3 -D for artificial worlds • Bookhouse, file-cabinets, shopping malls § Desktop 3 -D for information visualization • cone/cam trees, perspective wall, web-book • SGI directories, Visible Decisions, Media Lab landscapes • XGobi scatterplots, Themescape, Visage § Chartjunk 3 -D: barcharts, piecharts, histograms
Medical & Scientific Visualizations § Volume Visualization for Medical SUNY – Stony Brook http: //www. cs. sunysb. edu/~vislab/ § Electronic Visualization Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago http: //www. evl. uic. edu/
Commercial Visualizations
Information & Entertainment § 3 D Home pages, chat rooms www. Active. Worlds. com § IPIX 3 D room tours www. ipix. com
Are these good uses of 3 D?
Communication networks www. netviz. com
Network Connection & Performance J. A. Brown, Mc. Gregor A. J and H-W Braun.
Planar graph with towers Chaomei Chen
www. cognos. com
www. visualinsights. com
Perspective wall (Xerox PARC) Mackinlay et al, CHI 91
Cone. Tree Xerox Park
Hyperbolic trees § § § § Visually appealing Space limited 2 -level lookahead Easy affordances -Hard to scan -Poor screen usage -Too volatile Lamping et al. CHI 95
Treemap - view large trees with node values § § § Space filling Space limited Color coding Size coding Requires learning Tree. Viz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap 97 (Windows, UMd) Treemap 3. 0 (Java, UMd) (Shneiderman, see www. cs. umd. edu/hcil/treemaps)
Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry see www. smartmoney. com
Treemap - Stock market – 3 D view
Web. Book
Web. Book-Web. Forager Card, Robertson, George and York, CHI 96
Starlight Battelle – Pacific Northwest National Lab
Themescape Wise et al. , 1995 - see also www. omniviz. com
Mineset
IBM Research: 3 D Objects & Ecological Design 3 -D objects & ecological setting speed performance by 10 -20% Ark, Dryer, Selker & Zhai British HCI 1998 0
IBM Research: Real. Things Familiar 3 -D objects replace form-fillin www-3. ibm. com/ibm/easy/eou_ext. nsf/Publish/581 www. otal. umd. edu/SHORE 99/daveyg/
Microsoft: Data Mountain 3 -D perspective & size changes cause no significant slowdown and users like them Cockburn & Mc. Kenzie, ACM CHI 2001
Microsoft: Task Gallery http: //research. microsoft. com/ui/Task. Gallery/
Chalmers Univ: 3 D Workspace Manager http: //www. 3 dwm. org/
Clockwise 3 d http: //www. clockwise 3 d. com/
Clockwise 3 d vs. Windows Explorer UMd Student Team Project -12 subjects -12 tasks Fewer clicks is faster www. otal. umd. edu/SHORE 2001/win. Desktop/
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 19 th Annual Symposium May 30 -31, 2002 www. cs. umd. edu/hcil
For More Information § Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos (www. cs. umd. edu/hcil) § See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B. , Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Third Edition (1998) (www. aw. com/DTUI) § January 1999 book of readings: Card, S. , Mackinlay, J. , and Shneiderman, B. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think
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