Human Computer Interaction The Interaction The Interaction interaction
![Human Computer Interaction The Interaction Human Computer Interaction The Interaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-1.jpg)
![The Interaction � interaction models � translations between user and system � ergonomics � The Interaction � interaction models � translations between user and system � ergonomics �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-2.jpg)
![What is interaction? Communication user � but is that all … ? � language What is interaction? Communication user � but is that all … ? � language](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-3.jpg)
![models of interaction terms of interaction Norman model interaction framework models of interaction terms of interaction Norman model interaction framework](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-4.jpg)
![Some terms of interaction � domain – the area of work under study e. Some terms of interaction � domain – the area of work under study e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-5.jpg)
![Donald Norman’s model � Seven stages � user establishes the goal � formulates intention Donald Norman’s model � Seven stages � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-6.jpg)
![execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-7.jpg)
![execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-8.jpg)
![execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-9.jpg)
![execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-10.jpg)
![Using Norman’s model � Some � Gulf � of Execution user’s formulation of actions Using Norman’s model � Some � Gulf � of Execution user’s formulation of actions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-11.jpg)
![Human error - slips and mistakes � slip � understand system and goal � Human error - slips and mistakes � slip � understand system and goal �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-12.jpg)
![Abowd and Beale framework � extension of Norman… � their interaction framework has 4 Abowd and Beale framework � extension of Norman… � their interaction framework has 4](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-13.jpg)
![Using Abowd & Beale’s model � user intentions translated into actions at the interface Using Abowd & Beale’s model � user intentions translated into actions at the interface](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-14.jpg)
![HCI Framework � general framework for understanding interaction not restricted to electronic computer systems HCI Framework � general framework for understanding interaction not restricted to electronic computer systems](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-15.jpg)
![ergonomics physical aspects of interfaces industrial interfaces ergonomics physical aspects of interfaces industrial interfaces](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-16.jpg)
![Ergonomics � Study of the physical characteristics of interaction � Controls design, � physical Ergonomics � Study of the physical characteristics of interaction � Controls design, � physical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-17.jpg)
![Ergonomics - examples � arrangement of controls and displays � surrounding environment � e. Ergonomics - examples � arrangement of controls and displays � surrounding environment � e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-18.jpg)
![Industrial interfaces � Office interface vs. industrial interface? � Context matters! Type of data Industrial interfaces � Office interface vs. industrial interface? � Context matters! Type of data](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-19.jpg)
![Glass interfaces ? � industrial interface: � traditional … dials and knobs � now Glass interfaces ? � industrial interface: � traditional … dials and knobs � now](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-20.jpg)
![Indirect manipulation � industrial – indirect manipulation � office– direct manipulation � user interacts Indirect manipulation � industrial – indirect manipulation � office– direct manipulation � user interacts](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-21.jpg)
![interaction styles dialogue … computer and user distinct styles of interaction interaction styles dialogue … computer and user distinct styles of interaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-22.jpg)
![Common interaction styles � CLI (Command Line Interface) � menus � natural language � Common interaction styles � CLI (Command Line Interface) � menus � natural language �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-23.jpg)
![Command line interface � Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly � function Command line interface � Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly � function](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-24.jpg)
![Menus � Set of options displayed on the screen � Options visible � less Menus � Set of options displayed on the screen � Options visible � less](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-25.jpg)
![Natural language � Familiar to user � Speech recognition or typed natural language � Natural language � Familiar to user � Speech recognition or typed natural language �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-26.jpg)
![Query interfaces � Question/answer interfaces � user led through interaction via series of questions Query interfaces � Question/answer interfaces � user led through interaction via series of questions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-27.jpg)
![Form-fills � Primarily for data entry or data retrieval � Screen like paper form. Form-fills � Primarily for data entry or data retrieval � Screen like paper form.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-28.jpg)
![Spreadsheets � first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1 -2 -3 MS Excel most Spreadsheets � first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1 -2 -3 MS Excel most](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-29.jpg)
![WIMP Interface Windows Icons � � Menus Pointers � � �… or windows, icons, WIMP Interface Windows Icons � � Menus Pointers � � �… or windows, icons,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-30.jpg)
![Point and click interfaces � used in. . � multimedia � web browsers � Point and click interfaces � used in. . � multimedia � web browsers �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-31.jpg)
![Three dimensional interfaces � virtual reality � ‘ordinary’ window systems � highlighting � visual Three dimensional interfaces � virtual reality � ‘ordinary’ window systems � highlighting � visual](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-32.jpg)
![elements of the wimp interface windows, icons, menus, pointers +++ buttons, toolbars, palettes, dialog elements of the wimp interface windows, icons, menus, pointers +++ buttons, toolbars, palettes, dialog](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-33.jpg)
![Windows � Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent � Windows � Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-34.jpg)
![Icons � small picture or image � represents some object in the interface � Icons � small picture or image � represents some object in the interface �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-35.jpg)
![Pointers � important � WIMP � uses component style relies on pointing and selecting Pointers � important � WIMP � uses component style relies on pointing and selecting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-36.jpg)
![Menus � Choice of operations or services offered on the screen � Required option Menus � Choice of operations or services offered on the screen � Required option](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-37.jpg)
![Kinds of Menus � Menu down Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags Kinds of Menus � Menu down Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-38.jpg)
![Menus extras � Cascading menus � hierarchical menu structure � menu selection opens new Menus extras � Cascading menus � hierarchical menu structure � menu selection opens new](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-39.jpg)
![Menus design issues � which kind to use � what to include in menus Menus design issues � which kind to use � what to include in menus](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-40.jpg)
![Buttons � individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to Buttons � individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-41.jpg)
![Toolbars � long lines of icons … … but what do they do? � Toolbars � long lines of icons … … but what do they do? �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-42.jpg)
![Palettes and tear-off menus � Problem menu not there when you want it � Palettes and tear-off menus � Problem menu not there when you want it �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-43.jpg)
![Dialogue boxes � information windows that pop up to inform of an important event Dialogue boxes � information windows that pop up to inform of an important event](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-44.jpg)
![interactivity easy to focus on look what about feel? interactivity easy to focus on look what about feel?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-45.jpg)
![Speech–driven interfaces � rapidly improving … … but still inaccurate � how to have Speech–driven interfaces � rapidly improving … … but still inaccurate � how to have](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-46.jpg)
![Look and … feel � WIMP systems have the same elements: windows, icons. , Look and … feel � WIMP systems have the same elements: windows, icons. ,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-47.jpg)
![Initiative � who has the initiative? old question–answer – computer WIMP interface – user Initiative � who has the initiative? old question–answer – computer WIMP interface – user](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-48.jpg)
![Error and repair � can’t always avoid errors … … but we can put Error and repair � can’t always avoid errors … … but we can put](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-49.jpg)
![Context � Interaction context � other affected by social and organizational people � desire Context � Interaction context � other affected by social and organizational people � desire](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-50.jpg)
![Experience, engagement, and fun designing experience physical engagement managing value Experience, engagement, and fun designing experience physical engagement managing value](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-51.jpg)
![Experience? � home, entertainment, shopping � not enough that people can use a system Experience? � home, entertainment, shopping � not enough that people can use a system](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-52.jpg)
![Designing experience � real crackers � cheap and cheerful! � bad joke, plastic toy, Designing experience � real crackers � cheap and cheerful! � bad joke, plastic toy,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-53.jpg)
![Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-54.jpg)
![Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-55.jpg)
![how crackers work fill in web form sender receive email To: wxv From: . how crackers work fill in web form sender receive email To: wxv From: .](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-56.jpg)
![The crackers experience Real cracker Virtual cracker Surface elements Design Cheap and cheerful Simple The crackers experience Real cracker Virtual cracker Surface elements Design Cheap and cheerful Simple](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-57.jpg)
![Physical design � many constraints: � ergonomic – minimum button size � physical – Physical design � many constraints: � ergonomic – minimum button size � physical –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-58.jpg)
![Design trade-offs � constraints � within � e. g. are contradictory … need trade-offs Design trade-offs � constraints � within � e. g. are contradictory … need trade-offs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-59.jpg)
![Fluidity � do external physical aspects reflect logical effect? � logical � e. g. Fluidity � do external physical aspects reflect logical effect? � logical � e. g.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-60.jpg)
![inverse actions � yes/no � well buttons sort of � ‘joystick’ � also left inverse actions � yes/no � well buttons sort of � ‘joystick’ � also left](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-61.jpg)
![spring back controls � one-shot buttons � joystick � some � good sliders – spring back controls � one-shot buttons � joystick � some � good sliders –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-62.jpg)
![a minidisk controller � � � series of spring-back controls each cycle through some a minidisk controller � � � series of spring-back controls each cycle through some](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-63.jpg)
![i. Pod Controls � Rotary touch pad � Menu/item selection � Volume controls � i. Pod Controls � Rotary touch pad � Menu/item selection � Volume controls �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-64.jpg)
![physical layout � Controls: � logical relationship � spatial grouping physical layout � Controls: � logical relationship � spatial grouping](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-65.jpg)
![compliant interaction � state evident in mechanical buttons � rotary knobs reveal internal state compliant interaction � state evident in mechanical buttons � rotary knobs reveal internal state](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-66.jpg)
![Managing value people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds Managing value people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-67.jpg)
![Weighing up value � helps me get my work done � fun � good Weighing up value � helps me get my work done � fun � good](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-68.jpg)
![Discounted future � in economics Net Present Value: � discount � in by (1+rate) Discounted future � in economics Net Present Value: � discount � in by (1+rate)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-69.jpg)
![example – HCI book search � value for people who have the book helps example – HCI book search � value for people who have the book helps](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-70.jpg)
![General lesson … � if you want someone to do something … � make General lesson … � if you want someone to do something … � make](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-71.jpg)
- Slides: 71
![Human Computer Interaction The Interaction Human Computer Interaction The Interaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-1.jpg)
Human Computer Interaction The Interaction
![The Interaction interaction models translations between user and system ergonomics The Interaction � interaction models � translations between user and system � ergonomics �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-2.jpg)
The Interaction � interaction models � translations between user and system � ergonomics � physical characteristics of interaction � the styles nature of user/system dialog � context � social, organizational, motivational
![What is interaction Communication user but is that all language What is interaction? Communication user � but is that all … ? � language](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-3.jpg)
What is interaction? Communication user � but is that all … ? � language and action system
![models of interaction terms of interaction Norman model interaction framework models of interaction terms of interaction Norman model interaction framework](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-4.jpg)
models of interaction terms of interaction Norman model interaction framework
![Some terms of interaction domain the area of work under study e Some terms of interaction � domain – the area of work under study e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-5.jpg)
Some terms of interaction � domain – the area of work under study e. g. graphic design � � goal– what you want to achieve e. g. create a solid red triangle � � task – how you go about doing it – ultimately in terms of operations or actions e. g. … select fill tool, click over triangle � � Note … � traditional interaction … � use of terms differs a lot especially task/goal !!!
![Donald Normans model Seven stages user establishes the goal formulates intention Donald Norman’s model � Seven stages � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-6.jpg)
Donald Norman’s model � Seven stages � user establishes the goal � formulates intention � specifies actions at interface � executes action � perceives system state � interprets system state � evaluates system state with respect to goal � Norman’s interface model concentrates on user’s view of the
![executionevaluation loop goal execution evaluation system user establishes the goal formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-7.jpg)
execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention � specifies actions at interface � executes action � perceives system state � interprets system state � evaluates system state with respect to goal
![executionevaluation loop goal execution evaluation system user establishes the goal formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-8.jpg)
execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention � specifies actions at interface � executes action � perceives system state � interprets system state � evaluates system state with respect to goal
![executionevaluation loop goal execution evaluation system user establishes the goal formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-9.jpg)
execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention � specifies actions at interface � executes action � perceives system state � interprets system state � evaluates system state with respect to goal
![executionevaluation loop goal execution evaluation system user establishes the goal formulates intention execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-10.jpg)
execution/evaluation loop goal execution evaluation system � user establishes the goal � formulates intention � specifies actions at interface � executes action � perceives system state � interprets system state � evaluates system state with respect to goal
![Using Normans model Some Gulf of Execution users formulation of actions Using Norman’s model � Some � Gulf � of Execution user’s formulation of actions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-11.jpg)
Using Norman’s model � Some � Gulf � of Execution user’s formulation of actions ≠ actions allowed by the system � Gulf � systems are harder to use than others of Evaluation user’s expectation of changed system state ≠ actual presentation of this state
![Human error slips and mistakes slip understand system and goal Human error - slips and mistakes � slip � understand system and goal �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-12.jpg)
Human error - slips and mistakes � slip � understand system and goal � correct formulation of action � incorrect action � mistake � Wrong � Fixing � slip formulation or may not even have right goal! things? – better interface design � mistake – better understanding of system
![Abowd and Beale framework extension of Norman their interaction framework has 4 Abowd and Beale framework � extension of Norman… � their interaction framework has 4](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-13.jpg)
Abowd and Beale framework � extension of Norman… � their interaction framework has 4 parts � user � input � system � output � each has its own unique language � interaction � problems translation between languages in interaction = problems in translation
![Using Abowd Beales model user intentions translated into actions at the interface Using Abowd & Beale’s model � user intentions translated into actions at the interface](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-14.jpg)
Using Abowd & Beale’s model � user intentions translated into actions at the interface translated into alterations of system state reflected in the output display interpreted by the user
![HCI Framework general framework for understanding interaction not restricted to electronic computer systems HCI Framework � general framework for understanding interaction not restricted to electronic computer systems](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-15.jpg)
HCI Framework � general framework for understanding interaction not restricted to electronic computer systems � identifies all major components involved in interaction � allows comparative assessment of systems � an abstraction �
![ergonomics physical aspects of interfaces industrial interfaces ergonomics physical aspects of interfaces industrial interfaces](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-16.jpg)
ergonomics physical aspects of interfaces industrial interfaces
![Ergonomics Study of the physical characteristics of interaction Controls design physical Ergonomics � Study of the physical characteristics of interaction � Controls design, � physical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-17.jpg)
Ergonomics � Study of the physical characteristics of interaction � Controls design, � physical environment, � layout, � physical qualities of the screen � Also known as human factors – but this can also be used to mean much of HCI! � Ergonomics good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems
![Ergonomics examples arrangement of controls and displays surrounding environment e Ergonomics - examples � arrangement of controls and displays � surrounding environment � e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-18.jpg)
Ergonomics - examples � arrangement of controls and displays � surrounding environment � e. g. controls grouped according to function or frequency of use, or sequentially � e. g. seating arrangements adaptable to cope with all sizes of user � health � e. g. issues physical position, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity), lighting, noise, � use of colour � e. g. use of red for warning, green for okay, awareness of colour-blindness etc.
![Industrial interfaces Office interface vs industrial interface Context matters Type of data Industrial interfaces � Office interface vs. industrial interface? � Context matters! Type of data](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-19.jpg)
Industrial interfaces � Office interface vs. industrial interface? � Context matters! Type of data �… Office Industrial Textual Numeric Rate of change Slow Fast Environment Dirty Clean the oil soaked mouse!
![Glass interfaces industrial interface traditional dials and knobs now Glass interfaces ? � industrial interface: � traditional … dials and knobs � now](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-20.jpg)
Glass interfaces ? � industrial interface: � traditional … dials and knobs � now … screens and keypads � glass interface � cheaper, more flexible, multiple representations, precise values � not physically located, loss of context, complex interfaces � may need both Vessel B Temp 0 100 200 113 multiple representations of same information
![Indirect manipulation industrial indirect manipulation office direct manipulation user interacts Indirect manipulation � industrial – indirect manipulation � office– direct manipulation � user interacts](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-21.jpg)
Indirect manipulation � industrial – indirect manipulation � office– direct manipulation � user interacts with artificial world � user interacts with real world through interface � issues system . . � feedback � delays interface immediate feedback . instruments plant
![interaction styles dialogue computer and user distinct styles of interaction interaction styles dialogue … computer and user distinct styles of interaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-22.jpg)
interaction styles dialogue … computer and user distinct styles of interaction
![Common interaction styles CLI Command Line Interface menus natural language Common interaction styles � CLI (Command Line Interface) � menus � natural language �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-23.jpg)
Common interaction styles � CLI (Command Line Interface) � menus � natural language � question/answer and query dialogue � form-fills and spreadsheets � WIMP � Windows, � point Icons, Pointers, and Menu and click � three–dimensional interfaces
![Command line interface Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly function Command line interface � Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly � function](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-24.jpg)
Command line interface � Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly � function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole words, or a combination � suitable for repetitive tasks � better for expert users than novices � offers direct access to system functionality � command names/abbreviations should be meaningful! � Typical example: the Unix system
![Menus Set of options displayed on the screen Options visible less Menus � Set of options displayed on the screen � Options visible � less](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-25.jpg)
Menus � Set of options displayed on the screen � Options visible � less recall - easier to use � rely on recognition so names should be meaningful � Selection by: � numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse � combination (e. g. mouse plus accelerators) � Often options hierarchically grouped � sensible grouping is needed � Restricted form of full WIMP system
![Natural language Familiar to user Speech recognition or typed natural language Natural language � Familiar to user � Speech recognition or typed natural language �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-26.jpg)
Natural language � Familiar to user � Speech recognition or typed natural language � Problems � vague � ambiguous � hard to do well! � Solutions � try to understand a subset � pick on key words
![Query interfaces Questionanswer interfaces user led through interaction via series of questions Query interfaces � Question/answer interfaces � user led through interaction via series of questions](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-27.jpg)
Query interfaces � Question/answer interfaces � user led through interaction via series of questions � suitable for novice users but restricted functionality � often used in information systems � Query � used languages (e. g. SQL) to retrieve information from database � requires understanding of database structure and language syntax, hence requires some expertise
![Formfills Primarily for data entry or data retrieval Screen like paper form Form-fills � Primarily for data entry or data retrieval � Screen like paper form.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-28.jpg)
Form-fills � Primarily for data entry or data retrieval � Screen like paper form. � Data put in relevant place � Requires � good design � obvious correction facilities
![Spreadsheets first spreadsheet VISICALC followed by Lotus 1 2 3 MS Excel most Spreadsheets � first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1 -2 -3 MS Excel most](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-29.jpg)
Spreadsheets � first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1 -2 -3 MS Excel most common today � sophisticated variation of form-filling. � grid of cells contain a value or a formula � formula can involve values of other cells e. g. sum of all cells in this column � user can enter and alter data spreadsheet maintains consistency
![WIMP Interface Windows Icons Menus Pointers or windows icons WIMP Interface Windows Icons � � Menus Pointers � � �… or windows, icons,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-30.jpg)
WIMP Interface Windows Icons � � Menus Pointers � � �… or windows, icons, mice, and pull-down menus! � default style for majority of interactive computer systems, especially PCs and desktop machines
![Point and click interfaces used in multimedia web browsers Point and click interfaces � used in. . � multimedia � web browsers �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-31.jpg)
Point and click interfaces � used in. . � multimedia � web browsers � hypertext � just click something! � icons, text links or location on map � minimal typing
![Three dimensional interfaces virtual reality ordinary window systems highlighting visual Three dimensional interfaces � virtual reality � ‘ordinary’ window systems � highlighting � visual](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-32.jpg)
Three dimensional interfaces � virtual reality � ‘ordinary’ window systems � highlighting � visual affordance � indiscriminate use just confusing! � 3 D workspaces � use flat buttons … click me! for extra virtual space � light and occlusion give depth � distance effects … or sculptured
![elements of the wimp interface windows icons menus pointers buttons toolbars palettes dialog elements of the wimp interface windows, icons, menus, pointers +++ buttons, toolbars, palettes, dialog](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-33.jpg)
elements of the wimp interface windows, icons, menus, pointers +++ buttons, toolbars, palettes, dialog boxes also see supplementary material on choosing wimp elements
![Windows Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent Windows � Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-34.jpg)
Windows � Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent � can contain text or graphics � can be moved or resized � can overlap and obscure each other, or can be laid out next to one another (tiled) � Scrollbars � allow the user to move the contents of the window up and down or from side to side � Title bars � describe the name of the window
![Icons small picture or image represents some object in the interface Icons � small picture or image � represents some object in the interface �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-35.jpg)
Icons � small picture or image � represents some object in the interface � often a window or action � windows � small � icons can be closed down (iconised) representation fi many accessible windows can be many and various � highly stylized � realistic representations.
![Pointers important WIMP uses component style relies on pointing and selecting Pointers � important � WIMP � uses component style relies on pointing and selecting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-36.jpg)
Pointers � important � WIMP � uses component style relies on pointing and selecting things mouse, trackpad, joystick, trackball, cursor keys or keyboard shortcuts � wide variety of graphical images
![Menus Choice of operations or services offered on the screen Required option Menus � Choice of operations or services offered on the screen � Required option](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-37.jpg)
Menus � Choice of operations or services offered on the screen � Required option selected with pointer � problem – take a lot of screen space � solution – pop-up: menu appears when needed
![Kinds of Menus Menu down Bar at top of screen normally menu drags Kinds of Menus � Menu down Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-38.jpg)
Kinds of Menus � Menu down Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags � pull-down menu - mouse hold and drag down menu � drop-down menu - mouse click reveals menu � fall-down menus - mouse just moves over bar! � Contextual � pop-up menu appears where you are menus - actions for selected object � pie menus - arranged in a circle � easier to select item (larger target area) � quicker (same distance to any option) … but not widely used!
![Menus extras Cascading menus hierarchical menu structure menu selection opens new Menus extras � Cascading menus � hierarchical menu structure � menu selection opens new](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-39.jpg)
Menus extras � Cascading menus � hierarchical menu structure � menu selection opens new menu � and so in ad infinitum � Keyboard accelerators � key combinations - same effect as menu item � two kinds � active when menu open – usually first letter � active when menu closed – usually Ctrl + letter � usually different !!!
![Menus design issues which kind to use what to include in menus Menus design issues � which kind to use � what to include in menus](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-40.jpg)
Menus design issues � which kind to use � what to include in menus at all � words to use (action or description) � how to group items � choice of keyboard accelerators
![Buttons individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to Buttons � individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-41.jpg)
Buttons � individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to invoke an action � Special � radio kinds buttons – set of mutually exclusive choices � check boxes – set of non-exclusive choices
![Toolbars long lines of icons but what do they do Toolbars � long lines of icons … … but what do they do? �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-42.jpg)
Toolbars � long lines of icons … … but what do they do? � fast access to common actions � often customizable: � choose which toolbars to see � choose what options are on it
![Palettes and tearoff menus Problem menu not there when you want it Palettes and tear-off menus � Problem menu not there when you want it �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-43.jpg)
Palettes and tear-off menus � Problem menu not there when you want it � Solution palettes – little windows of actions � shown/hidden via menu option e. g. available shapes in drawing package � tear-off and pin-up menus � menu ‘tears off’ to become palette
![Dialogue boxes information windows that pop up to inform of an important event Dialogue boxes � information windows that pop up to inform of an important event](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-44.jpg)
Dialogue boxes � information windows that pop up to inform of an important event or request information. � e. g: when saving a file, a dialogue box is displayed to allow the user to specify the filename and location. Once the file is saved, the box disappears.
![interactivity easy to focus on look what about feel interactivity easy to focus on look what about feel?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-45.jpg)
interactivity easy to focus on look what about feel?
![Speechdriven interfaces rapidly improving but still inaccurate how to have Speech–driven interfaces � rapidly improving … … but still inaccurate � how to have](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-46.jpg)
Speech–driven interfaces � rapidly improving … … but still inaccurate � how to have robust dialogue? … interaction of course! � e. g. airline reservation: reliable “yes” and “no” + system reflects back its understanding “you want a ticket from New York to Boston? ”
![Look and feel WIMP systems have the same elements windows icons Look and … feel � WIMP systems have the same elements: windows, icons. ,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-47.jpg)
Look and … feel � WIMP systems have the same elements: windows, icons. , menus, pointers, buttons, etc. � but different window systems … behave differently � e. g. Mac. OS vs Windows menus � appearance + behaviour = look and feel
![Initiative who has the initiative old questionanswer computer WIMP interface user Initiative � who has the initiative? old question–answer – computer WIMP interface – user](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-48.jpg)
Initiative � who has the initiative? old question–answer – computer WIMP interface – user � WIMP exceptions … pre-emptive parts of the interface � modal � come dialog boxes and won’t go away! � good for errors, essential steps � but use with care
![Error and repair cant always avoid errors but we can put Error and repair � can’t always avoid errors … … but we can put](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-49.jpg)
Error and repair � can’t always avoid errors … … but we can put them right � make it easy to detect errors … then the user can repair them � hello, this is the Go Faster booking system � what would you like? � (user) I want to fly from New York to London � you want a ticket from New York to Boston � (user) no � sorry, please confirm one at a time � do you want to fly from New York � (user) yes �… … …
![Context Interaction context other affected by social and organizational people desire Context � Interaction context � other affected by social and organizational people � desire](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-50.jpg)
Context � Interaction context � other affected by social and organizational people � desire to impress, competition, fear of failure � motivation � fear, allegiance, ambition, self-satisfaction � inadequate � cause systems frustration and lack of motivation Bank managers don’t type. . .
![Experience engagement and fun designing experience physical engagement managing value Experience, engagement, and fun designing experience physical engagement managing value](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-51.jpg)
Experience, engagement, and fun designing experience physical engagement managing value
![Experience home entertainment shopping not enough that people can use a system Experience? � home, entertainment, shopping � not enough that people can use a system](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-52.jpg)
Experience? � home, entertainment, shopping � not enough that people can use a system � they must want to use it! � Shopping � Do from internet allow you to buy things you go shopping? � Experience from shopping � Go to the stores, Feel the clothes or goods, Being with friends � Go shops and never intent to spend money or buying anything! � Shopping is not about an efficient financial transactions
![Designing experience real crackers cheap and cheerful bad joke plastic toy Designing experience � real crackers � cheap and cheerful! � bad joke, plastic toy,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-53.jpg)
Designing experience � real crackers � cheap and cheerful! � bad joke, plastic toy, paper hat � pull and bang
![Designing experience virtual crackers Simple page and graphics bad joke web Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-54.jpg)
Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web toy, cut-out mask � click and bang
![Designing experience virtual crackers Simple page and graphics bad joke web Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-55.jpg)
Designing experience � virtual crackers � Simple page and graphics � bad joke, web toy, cut-out mask � click and bang
![how crackers work fill in web form sender receive email To wxv From how crackers work fill in web form sender receive email To: wxv From: .](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-56.jpg)
how crackers work fill in web form sender receive email To: wxv From: . . recipient closed cracker page watches progress open recipient clicks cracker opens. . . very slowly message open sender cracker page joke links mask web toy
![The crackers experience Real cracker Virtual cracker Surface elements Design Cheap and cheerful Simple The crackers experience Real cracker Virtual cracker Surface elements Design Cheap and cheerful Simple](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-57.jpg)
The crackers experience Real cracker Virtual cracker Surface elements Design Cheap and cheerful Simple page/graphics Play Plastic toy and joke Web toy and joke Dressing up Paper hat Mask to cut it out Experiences effects Shared Offered to another Sent by email, message Co-experience Pulled together Sender can’t see content until opened by recipient Excitement Cultural connotations Recruited expectation Hiddenness Contents inside First page – no contents Suspense Pulling cracker Slow. . . Page change Surprise Bang (when it works) WAV file (when it works)
![Physical design many constraints ergonomic minimum button size physical Physical design � many constraints: � ergonomic – minimum button size � physical –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-58.jpg)
Physical design � many constraints: � ergonomic – minimum button size � physical – high-voltage switches are big � legal and safety – high cooker controls � context and environment – easy to clean � aesthetic – must look good � economic – … and not cost too much!
![Design tradeoffs constraints within e g are contradictory need tradeoffs Design trade-offs � constraints � within � e. g. are contradictory … need trade-offs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-59.jpg)
Design trade-offs � constraints � within � e. g. are contradictory … need trade-offs categories: safety – cooker controls � front panel – safer for adult � rear panel – safer for child � between � e. g. categories ergonomics vs. physical – Mini. Disc remote � ergonomics – controls need to be bigger � physical – no room! � solution – multifunction controls & reduced functionality
![Fluidity do external physical aspects reflect logical effect logical e g Fluidity � do external physical aspects reflect logical effect? � logical � e. g.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-60.jpg)
Fluidity � do external physical aspects reflect logical effect? � logical � e. g. state revealed in physical state? on/off buttons � inverse � e. g. actions inverse effects? arrow buttons, twist controls
![inverse actions yesno well buttons sort of joystick also left inverse actions � yes/no � well buttons sort of � ‘joystick’ � also left](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-61.jpg)
inverse actions � yes/no � well buttons sort of � ‘joystick’ � also left side control
![spring back controls oneshot buttons joystick some good sliders spring back controls � one-shot buttons � joystick � some � good sliders –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-62.jpg)
spring back controls � one-shot buttons � joystick � some � good sliders – large selection sets � bad – hidden state
![a minidisk controller series of springback controls each cycle through some a minidisk controller � � � series of spring-back controls each cycle through some](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-63.jpg)
a minidisk controller � � � series of spring-back controls each cycle through some options –natural inverse back/forward � twist for track movement, pull and twist for volume � � spring back natural inverse for twist
![i Pod Controls Rotary touch pad Menuitem selection Volume controls i. Pod Controls � Rotary touch pad � Menu/item selection � Volume controls �](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-64.jpg)
i. Pod Controls � Rotary touch pad � Menu/item selection � Volume controls � 4 predefined buttons. � Menu/Options/Setting � Next Song � Previous Song � Play/Pause � Selection confirm button
![physical layout Controls logical relationship spatial grouping physical layout � Controls: � logical relationship � spatial grouping](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-65.jpg)
physical layout � Controls: � logical relationship � spatial grouping
![compliant interaction state evident in mechanical buttons rotary knobs reveal internal state compliant interaction � state evident in mechanical buttons � rotary knobs reveal internal state](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-66.jpg)
compliant interaction � state evident in mechanical buttons � rotary knobs reveal internal state and can be controlled by both user and machine
![Managing value people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds Managing value people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-67.jpg)
Managing value people use something ONLY IF it has perceived value AND value exceeds cost BUT NOTE � exceptions (e. g. habit) � value NOT necessarily personal gain or money
![Weighing up value helps me get my work done fun good Weighing up value � helps me get my work done � fun � good](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-68.jpg)
Weighing up value � helps me get my work done � fun � good for others � cost � download time � money £, $, € � learning effort
![Discounted future in economics Net Present Value discount in by 1rate Discounted future � in economics Net Present Value: � discount � in by (1+rate)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-69.jpg)
Discounted future � in economics Net Present Value: � discount � in by (1+rate) years to wait life people heavily discount � future value and future cost � hence resistance to learning � need low barriers and high perceived present value
![example HCI book search value for people who have the book helps example – HCI book search � value for people who have the book helps](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-70.jpg)
example – HCI book search � value for people who have the book helps you to look up things chapter and page number � value for those who don’t … sort of online mini-encyclopaedia full paragraph of context … but also says “buy me”!!
![General lesson if you want someone to do something make General lesson … � if you want someone to do something … � make](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/58980bf2e177358929246ed96f06fe23/image-71.jpg)
General lesson … � if you want someone to do something … � make it easy for them! � understand their values
Stanford hci group
Icon based logo
Time sharing paradigm
Input output channels
Hci douglas
Direct manipulation interface
Human computer interaction chapter 1
Uhcd adalah
Yang termasuk model antarmuka objek-aksi
Interaction design syllabus
Model konseptual
Alan dix hci
Communication diagrams
Ergonomics in human computer interaction
Definition of human computer interaction
What is hei in geography
Functional region
Human characteristics of portland oregon
Spatial interaction ap human geography
Absolute location
Spatial interaction ap human geography
Stimulus diffusion ap human geography
Linguistic diversity ap human geography
Spatial interaction ap human geography
Human environment interaction
Human environment interaction
Cultural diffusion def
Rome human environment interaction
Interaction in computer graphics
Hát kết hợp bộ gõ cơ thể
Frameset trong html5
Bổ thể
Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
Gấu đi như thế nào
Thang điểm glasgow
Chúa sống lại
Kể tên các môn thể thao
Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
Công của trọng lực
Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
Cách giải mật thư tọa độ
Làm thế nào để 102-1=99
độ dài liên kết
Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
Thơ thất ngôn tứ tuyệt đường luật
Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
Một số thể thơ truyền thống
Cái miệng bé xinh thế chỉ nói điều hay thôi
Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
Thế nào là sự mỏi cơ
đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
Ví dụ về giọng cùng tên
Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
Phối cảnh
Thẻ vin
đại từ thay thế
điện thế nghỉ
Tư thế ngồi viết
Diễn thế sinh thái là
Các loại đột biến cấu trúc nhiễm sắc thể
Các số nguyên tố là gì
Tư thế ngồi viết
Lời thề hippocrates
Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
ưu thế lai là gì
Khi nào hổ con có thể sống độc lập
Sự nuôi và dạy con của hươu
Hệ hô hấp
Từ ngữ thể hiện lòng nhân hậu
Thế nào là mạng điện lắp đặt kiểu nổi
Human vs non human bones