Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America Five Values

Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America Five Values 1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy 2. Individualism- free to flourish; meritocracy; the individual is as or more important than the collective 3. Populism- participation of common people 4. Egalitarianism- society of equals under the law; no nobility 5. Liberty- protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith

Founding Father’s Line up 1. Benjamin Rush- Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I 2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders 3. John Peter Muhlenberg- clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British 4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British, helped supply Washington’s army 5. John Hancock- Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I 6. John Witherspoon- signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton) 7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I 8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights

Charters of Freedom Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be self-evident” Constitution – Preamblea. form a more perfect union b. establish justice c. insure domestic tranquility d. provide for the common defense e. promote the general welfare Bill of Rights – first ten amendments ***For***Anti-federalists argued that the individual needed protection from government power by writing down his/her rights. ***Against***Federalists argued that individual rights were assumed. If you write them down, you limit them to only what is written.

Principles of the US Constitution Seven Principles 1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie, presidential Veto 2. Federalism- powers divided between national and state governments, working together 3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial 4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in the Constitution 5. Republicanism– democratic government of representatives elected by the people; union of individual states 6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the governed 7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution

Bill of Rights st 1 TEN AMENDMENTS I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press, speech II. Right to bear arms- own and use a weapon for self- protection and to counter an oppressive or abusive government. III. Quartering of Troops- Gov’t cannot use your private property feed or house gov’t troops without your consent. IV Search and Seizure- protects against unreasonable searches and seizure V. Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain – grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination; eminent domain VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury; no indefinite incarceration VII. Civil Trial by jury – jury trial of one’s peers in civil cases VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment IX. Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you don’t have that right X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states or people; states were considered the true voice of the people.

Westward Expansion Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘thar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians Cattle Boom- drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big cities Railroads– transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 - Promontory, Utah - national market - bring settlers west Indian Wars- defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse Dawes Act- attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools taught trades Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help, -populist movement – address issues, silver

POLITICAL MACHINES Who was the famous political boss of Tammany Hall, NYC? Boss Tweed Corruption BUSINESS � Free enterprise, laissez-faire government and abundant resources caused — large scale economic growth Bribery IMMIGRATION Push factors? Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopolies Entrepreneurs Andrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of Wealth (philanthropy) John Rockefeller – Standard Oil List workplace abuses— war, natural disaster long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions Pull factors? Jobs, education, land, opportunity New immigrants from southern/eastern Europe What was nativism? Favoring native born over immigs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What was the economic impact? Why was this called the Gilded Age? Thin layer of prosperity covering abuses by corps. What was Social Darwinism? survival of the fittest, no governmnt intervention Wages increase, unemployment declines Social Gospel – Christian value that motivated social reform efforts (ex. Salvation Army) What was Americanization? adopting American customs

TECHNOLOGY Elevator Telephone/telegraph Oil drilling Bessemer Process Electricity How did technology impact business? Expansion of businesses, URBANIZATION Rural to urban-Why did people move? jobs entertainment rural hardships Rapid growth brought problems: Overcrowding Sanitation problems Tenements Infrastructure Corruption overproduction, need for markets overseas

Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact. Progressive Era Reforms Muckraker Problem Economic 1. Monopolies/trusts 2. 3. Banks Laissez-faire government Ida Tarbell = Standard Oil Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson � Business regulation: o Interstate Commerce Act o Sherman Anti Trust Act o Clayton Anti Trust Federal Reserve Act 1913 prevent unfair business practices, � 16 th Amendment— o Income Tax � � NAACP 19 th Amendment � Social 1. Civil Rights 2. Suffrage 3. Working conditions 4. 5. Living conditions Consumer safety Political Ida B. Wells lynching W. E. B. Du. Bois founded NAACP Elizabeth Cady Stanton – women’s rights Susan B. Anthony Jane Addams, Jacob Riis Booker T. Washington gradual equality Upton Sinclair wrote —The Jungle 1. Government corruption 2. Amendments Lincoln Steffens Robert La. Follette 0 What impact did the reform have? Reform restore competitive market place Established the Federal Reserve System to help with economic issues, control the flow on money eliminate drastic fluctuation in economy — -establish progressive income tax we have today -fights for civil rights (courts) -voting rights (suffrage) for women � � Settlement houses Education -protection and care for the poor and less fortunate � � Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Protects consumers from harmful food and drugs � � � � Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor -protect rights of workers Initiative— introduce bills & vote gives citizens more control of Recall— remove elected official government, more opportunities to Referendum— vote on ballot participate Direct Primary—selection of cand 17 th Amendment—Senators Civil Service Reform—no spoils system Environment 1. Abuse of natural Teddy Roosevelt � � National Park Service Act National Park System -set aside natural ‘treasure’ as owned by the people of the USA

American Imperialism From Isolationism to Expansionism Why? Military o Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” o Protection of territories o Refueling ports Examples: Economic/Political o Need for raw materials and markets. o Open Door Policy— U. S. declares continued trade with _China_. o Boxer Rebellion o Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give _financial _ support to other countries. o Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U. S. troops to intervene in Central America. Social o Spread of American institutions o Missionary zeal o Christian Duty Annexation of Hawaii o Sandford B. Dole – helped overthrow Queen o Missionaries o Military Port fueling station Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for expansionism— what is that? social gospel- white man’s burden Christian duty How was this different from previous U. S. foreign policy? isolationism Panama Canal o Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw o Improved trade and military movement o Malaria/challenges of geography Think About It: How did these events move the U. S. into the position as a world power? 9

Who? � � U. S. vs. Spain When? 1898 Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism ___USS MAINE______ is sent to Cuba to protect U. S. interests Where? Havana, _Cuba_____ San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt Philippines Explodes and seen as an attack on the U. S. - sabotage ing rn ! u T int Po Spanish American War Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks Why? USS Maine sinks and the U. S. blames ___Spain_____ How? � Media— Yellow journalism increases support � Land— U. S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines � Sea— U. S. defeats _Spain quickly � DéLome letter calls President Mc. Kinley weak. Americans are ___Outraged_ and protest Significance U. S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines Platt Amendment— U. S. could intervene in Cuba Why is this war considered a turning point? US wins; now a world power 10

Who? Effects of Technological Innovations? President Wilson initially declared neutrality Alliances: _Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__ submarines American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by__John Pershing___ machine guns Trench warfare … led to a poison gas Stalemate led to … Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because turning point; _ Allied victory_ Alvin York won the Medal of Honor tanks/planes Another Turning Point! Imperialism: compete for colonies Nationalism: national pride Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand_1914__ When? 1914 -1918 World War I—Why is this a Turning Point? Militarism: strong military Alliances: linked together Massive casualties When__1917__ Treaty of Versailles— � Germany reparations and accept Lusitania is sunk war guilt Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare Ties to Allies Zimmerman_Telegram Sussex Pledge- promise to warn passengers before attack � Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of _Nations_ Great Migration- African Amer. Move north U. S. returns to isolationism International instability Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act restricted freedom of speech_ Selective Service Act – Drafted 11

“Business in the Front” POLITICAL “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U. S. government / laissez-faire policies Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal 18 TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol 19 th Amendment— women’s right to vote 21 st Amendment—repeal prohibition ECONOMIC $Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy? $Mass Production/Assembly Line- $Henry Ford $Laissez-Faire – “hands off” $Buying-on-Credit SOCIAL o Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti— targets of nativists o Growth of nativism o Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924 o Eugenics- selective breeding (humans) Great Migration influenced culture o Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied to society and business o “Change in the Back” SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism Adventure— o Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in plane o Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1 st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water Changing Role of Women— o Flappers- young, rebellious, bold girls o Frances Willard — Temperance Movement o Women’s Rights Movement Cultural Values— o Prohibition Organized Crime o Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution. Clarence Darrow – defense attorney (evolution) William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor (creation) Art, Music & Literature o Jazz Age – birth of new music o Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey o Tin Pan Alley— center of music during the 1920 s o Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis 12

POLITICAL The Roaring Twenties “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U. S. government / laissez faire policies Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal 18 TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol 19 th Amendment— women’s right to vote 21 st Amendment— repeal prohibition ECONOMIC $Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy? $Mass Production/Assembly Line $Henry Ford $Laissez Faire – “hands off” $Buying on Credit SOCIAL Red Scare/Sacco Vanzetti— targets of nativists Growth of nativism Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924 Eugenics selective breeding (humans) Great Migration influenced culture Social Darwinism survival of the fittest applied to society and business

SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism Adventure— Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in plane Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1 st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water Changing Role of Women— Flappers young, rebellious, bold girls Frances Willard — Temperance Movement Women’s Rights Movement Cultural Values— Prohibition Organized Crime Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution. Clarence Darrow – defense attorney (evolution) William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor (creation) Art, Music & Literature Jazz Age – birth of new music Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey Tin Pan Alley— center of music during the 1920 s Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis

1920’s 1930’s 1929 Warning Signs— Overproduction Speculation and buying on margin Buying on credit Bad banking practices Federal trade policies What was Black Tuesday? Stock market crash Immediate reactions— People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans Bank runs/failures Reduced demand for goods/unemployment Hoover— Rugged individualism Believed government involvement should be limited Reconstruction Finance Corp. Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to their home country Hoovervilles Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time Widespread unemployment Business failures Foreclosures Homelessness – hobos Americans looked to government to solve economic problems Dust Bowl— Where? midwest Why? 10 yr drought Impact? Worst natural disaster in US history; millions left region Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties

FDR is elected (1932)— Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist Frances Perkins – 1 st female U. S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor New Deal provided— Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs Recovery —support production Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act Opposition— A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was overstepping its power FDR’s Court-packing— FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal Viewed as challenge to separation of powers New Monetary Policy— Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy 13

FDR’s NEW DEAL Instructions: What is important about the following— Relief (Short-term) Is like — bandaid Bank Holiday: closed all banks until they were financially stable Emergency Mortgage Loans: Work Relief Programs: Civilian Conservation Corps Public Works Program Works Progress Admin. Decreased wages spending Unemployment Recovery (Stimulus) Reform (Systematic) Is like —new limb Is like — cast � National Recovery Administration: set price and production controls and minimum wage � Agricultural Adjustment Administration: paid farmers to plant less; gov’t bought farm surplus to control prices Increased spending Increased employment Increased wages � Social Security Administration provides unemployment insurance, retirement pensions – workers pay in contributions: � Securities & Exchange Commission: watches stock market activity and prevent fraud � Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. : insure bank deposits up to $250, 000 � Tennessee Valley Authority: created dams along the Tennessee River to provide electricity All of these are in effect today! 14

American Home Front: Isolationism to War Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out of war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to Britain Roosevelt— Pres. During most of WWII Pacific Theatre Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China against Japan Bataan Death March— 60 mile march through jungles of Philippines faced starvation and death Appeasement— giving in to demands to avoid war � Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US declares war Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps— Japanese Americans placed in camps Office of War Information + Propaganda— make public aware of how they could help Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways to support war effort Navajo Code Talkers— used to send messages Volunteering/patriotism Women/Afric. Amer Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated Japanese at Battle of Midway Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command. In Pacific Enlist— brought an end to Depression Mobilization— prepare for war, War Prod. Board Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of Honor George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer of Victory U. S. entry— Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor � Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning point � Atomic bombs dropped- Truman; Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives

Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany Benito Mussolini— leader of Italy Joseph Stalin— leader of USSR (ally) Dictatorship— single leader total control Aggression- Hitler’s move thru Europe Winston Churchill— leader of Britain Fascism— extreme nationalism George Patton— US Commander led army through Africa and Italy Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm. Led invasion of France at Normandy Omar Bradley-led US 1 st Army in France � D-Day Invasion & Normandy— turning point in European theatre Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot unit led to integration of military Holocaust— Hitler’s genocide Liberation of concentration camps— Allies realize the extent of the Holocaust

June 6, 1944 D Day Invasion Aug. 1945 Atomic Bombs 1942 Midway Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor

A Battle of Ideology Political Characteristics: -multi-party system COLD WAR - Freedom of expression, religion a free market One party leader United States/ Western Europe Who was involved? -supply and demand determine price Economic U. S. S. R. (Soviet Union) characteristics: Command economy No economic freedoms -economic freedom -private ownership of business Communists party control Economic Characteristics: Political Characteristics: Team Democracy d te s i Un tion a N Team Communism No private property State ownership of business Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting communism Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO Containment Policy- prevent the spread of comm. Satellite Nations — eastern European countries Marshall Plan aid to European countries to rebuild part of USSR/ Poland Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies communist/Churchill Domino Theory- fear of spread of Comm/Vietnam Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/ Berlin Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet 16

Space Race— sputnik Education Priorities— math/science Moon-Landing— 1969 Arms Race- atomic weapons Europe Marshall Plan Sputnik— 1957 TURNING POINT! Berlin Airlift aid to city Red-Scare—fear of Comm. Berlin Wall HUAC—house of un-amer. Act. (find commies) Joseph Mc. Carthy— Mc. Carthyism SOVIET UNION Ignites Space Race China Mao Zedong –communists revolution Arms Race – a-bombs Breakup of U. S. S. R. - 1990’s Korea reasons containment Outcome 39 th parallel/ same as before the war Rosenberg Trials— spies Venona Papers—confirmed spies Vietnam— Détente—relax tensions (Nixon) Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow Star Wars—Missile defense (Reagan… never started) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ Presidents’ Views? Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers Truman—containment Eisenhower— domino theory Kennedy—flexible response Johnson— domino theory Nixon-détente/normalization Ford—détente Carter—negotiation/human rights Reagan—Regan Doctrine Bush—End of the Cold War CUBA Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner Fidel Castro—Which form of government? communists Tet Offensive— major Vietcong offensive throughout South Vietnam Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? – overthrow Castro/unsuccessful Anti-War Movement—protesting war Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened? -Russia placing missiles in Cuba/ Kennedy forces them out / Closest we have ever come to nuclear war Vietnamization— Nixon’s plan to end war in VN Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US withdraw War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war 17

GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided— Housing Boom Baby Boom — increase in population � What was the impact? Housing, transportation, schools, hospitals Growth of the suburbs � Low cost mortgages � Money for college What impact did this have? Transportation— need for housing, suburbs, � Interstate Highway Act connected nation, IKE Religious resurgence— Levittown � Migration suburbs Business Growth — � Franchises (Mc. Donalds) � Communication (TV) ads Increased consumption/spending Economic prosperity More leisure time Non Conformist Ideas Science — � Polio & Measles vaccine Jonas Salk � Advances in surgery Pop Culture— rock & roll � ”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many comes one—became official in 1956 � “In God We Trust” national motto adopted in 1956 � Growth of churches Fear of Communism Beat Generation � Jack Kerouac � Rebelled against conformity

Legislation/Landmark Court Cases Legislation (cont. ) Civil War Amendments: Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —Mex-Amer entitled to 14 th amendment 13 th —abolish slavery Brown v. Board of Education (1954) —separate was not equal 14 th —citizenship Founding of NAACP (1909)—W. E. B. Du. Bois — National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 56)— 15 month long boycott led by MLK, Rosa Parks – successful Civil Rights Act of 1957 —Civil Rights Comm. –Federal Courts could register Afri-Amer to vote, Civil Rights Division of Justice Dept. Little Rock Nine (1957) —Ike sent National guard to escort students to class Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) —separate is equal Civil Rights Act of 1964 —prohibited discrimination based on race, gender in public accommadations Sit Ins (1960 61) —student led movement to integrate public facilities 24 th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal elections) barriers to voting eliminated Selma March march to capital of Alabama for voting rights 15 th —voting for African-American Males Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —segregation of children of groups illegal Executive Order 9981, (1948) — Truman integrates military Delgado v. Bastrop I. S. D. (1948) — segregation of Mex-Amer. Children illegal Sweatt v. Painter (1950) — UT Law school must admitt African-American 1965 Voting Rights Act —eliminated literacy tests, led to increase in Afri-Amer voting Affirmative Action (1965) —take positive steps to increase number of minorities in work place, colleges, recruit minority applicants Edgewood v. Kirby – equal funding for all students in Texas, rich areas and poor areas Freedom Rides (1961)—integrate interstate bus terminals, violent, many arrested James Meredith (`1962)—Univ. of Miss student violence, JFK sent Nat. guard to restore order Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-famous MLK letter, explaining to many that the time for waiting was over March on Washington (1963) —force the Fed. To take a stand at the national level, led to Civil Rights act of 64; famous “I Have a Dream “ speech

Civil Rights Movement INSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer African Americans Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X Civil Disobedience — SCLC/SNCC disobey unjust laws Montgomery Bus Boycott March on Washington Selma March Influenced by — Gandhi Gathered widespread support by — using nonviolence Famous Quotes/Speeches ”I Have A Dream” Letter from Birmingham Turning Point — o Assassinated 1968 - Memphis, Tenn. Views — segregation of races, ’any means necessary’ Influenced by — Muslim Nation of Islam Assassinated 1965 Rival Nation of Islam members Black Panthers Views — Militant Black Power Community –based political organization— Leaders— Stocky Carmichael Huey Newton Bobby Seale Women Hispanic Americans American Indian Betty Friedan � wrote — Feminine Mystique__ National Organization for Women (NOW) – chief voice of Women’s Movement Gloria Steinam — � Ms Magazine Roe v. Wade (1973) � legalized — abortion Equal Pay Act — women same pay as men for same job Title IX (1972) — banned sex discrimination in education Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta � led the United — Farm Workers (UFW) o Boycotts target consumers Hector P. Garcia � started GI Forum for — Latin-American rights. LULAC —League of United Latin American Citizens La Raza Unida — United Race Party MAYO Mexican American Youth Organization Chicano Mural Movement —pride in Mex. Amer. Heritage, culture American Indian Movement (AIM) — temporarily occupied government buildings at; Alcatraz Wounded Knee Introduced term Native American and brought attention to discrimination and bias ****RED POWER*****

The Great Society Domestic Programs � War on poverty � Programs created to give economic opportunity —Medicare/Medicaid helped the elderly and poor access health care —Head Start/Child Nutrition Act � Programs were costly/expanded role of government � Miranda v. Arizona � Immigration Act of 1965 Anti-War Movement DOVES HAWKS � Credibility gap — lost faith in govt reliability � Pentagon Papers —leaked to media proves govt lied about war � Draft —young men sent to fight , many protested, burn draft cards as protest � 26 t h Amendment — 18 years old could vote “old enough to die old enough to vote” � Role of the media —watched war on TV, including questionable things, influenced opinion of the war � Silent Majority Nixon claimed most Americans were in favor of war adopted e Som � f o e attitud rebellion and ialism r te a m d Challenge � t” blishmen the “esta ture l u C h t u Yo ment war move it n a — Led to es, commun — s le ty s e New lif � hippies ashion New f � ugs f illegal dr Use o � Music �

Brought renewed hope � Peace Corp s � “Ask not w hat your country can do fo r you, but do for you what you c r country an . ” New F ron t Space Rac e —U. S. on Moon � Promoted space pro gram � Improved l ives as a re sult —Adv ances in te chnology — Communic ation —New pro ducts —GPS ier

Report Card on the 1970 s Presidents Describe the topic or event President Example: Nixon-R Détente Nixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy Nixon Normalization in Relations with China st 1 president to visit china after revolution of 1948; increase trade Nixon Nixon Ford-R Carter-D Carter A First Amendment Rights Tinker v. Des Monies (1968) —students allowed to wear arm bands as a protest of war Nixon Give them a Grade Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) —freedom of religion, amish children not required to attend public school after 8 th grade Environmental Protection Act (EPA) & Endangered Species Act Protection of the environment Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly – conservative opposed ERA, traditional role of women; failed to pass, extended, failed War Powers Act Limit the power of the President in any conflict without a formal declaration of war Fall of Saigon communists took control of South Vietnam, reunifying all of Vietnam under communists control Watergate Scandal President Nixon was found to be involved in covering up for members of his staff for criminal activity; led to impeachment vote, resignation of Nixon Pardon of Nixon Raised tremendous controversy when President Ford granted Nixon a full and complete pardon Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – imposed embargo on US, led to energy crisis, prices skyrocketed - stagflation Department of Energy Cabinet level position created by Carter in response to the energy crisis Community Reinvestment Act Require banks to make credit available in poor communities Panama Canal Treaty Turn over control of the canal to Panama by the end of the century Camp David Accords peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, ending 30 yrs of fighting Iran Hostage Crisis Iranian students seized US embassy and held them hostage for over a year

Ronald Reagan Republican (1981 -1989) George Bush Republican (1989 -1993) Supported by social conservatives What is significant about the —Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to Americans with Disabilities Act? ERA prohibited discrimination of people Won using conservative ideas with disabilities in employment (remember Goldwater 1964) and optimism What was Reaganomics? What signifies the end of the Cold War? supply-side economics eastern European countries moved away from Communism, Berlin Wall cut taxes to business, wealth comes down, What was “Peace through Strength”? -Star wars – “Let he who desires peace prepare for war” o When? 1991 How was the U. S. involved in the Iran Why did the U. S. get involved in the -Contra Affair? Persian Gulf War? sold weapons to Iran for release of Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua Iraq invaded Kuwait, greatest foreign policy Why were U. S. Marines in Lebanon? achievement International peace-keeping force, attacked by suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed • Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first woman to U. S. Supreme Court (1981) People moving from Rust Belt region to the Sunbelt region People moved from industrial Mid-west to Southwest for jobs

Moral Majority � Heritage Foundation Conservative lobby group Formed by television evangelist Jerry Falwell � � Conservative think tank National Rifle Association Opposed ERA Promoted free enterprise, civil rights, limited government and strong national defense After assassinations in the 1960 s the Gun Control Act of 1968 NRA became more active and was a conservative political group supporting 2 nd Amendment Rights mendment rights.

Bill Clinton 1993 -2001 George W. Bush 2001 -2009 Financial Crisis of 2008 led to— Attempted health care reform with Hillary Clinton leading task force – did Home foreclosures not pass Congress Supported welfare reform, lower taxes, Fear of financial failures and stricter crime prevention measures Barack Obama 2009 -2017 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus – create new jobs, 700 billion, save auto industry Banking and credit reform – regulate credit cards, banks 2008 Election Turning Point – First African American President – social media, grassroots , � Economic Issues � GATT — Changed to World Trade Organization NAFTA— impacted trade in N. America Ross Perot — 3 rd party candidates can impact elections � Contract with America was supported by Republicans proposed by Newt Gengrich, Republican Speaker of the House � Political Issues � � Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and businesses from failing 2000 Election — what was unique? Gore won pop. Vote – lost election – Supreme Court ruled no recount- Bush wins 2001 Terrorist Attack — Turning Point 9/11 Homeland Security, TSA U. S. Patriot Act created to— conduct sweeping searches, monitor Balkan Crisis activity —Iraq – Remove Saddam Hussein —Afghanistan search for bin Laden Affordable Care Act – health care for all, attempted by every Democratic Pres. Since 1940’s Appointed Sonia Sotomayor 1 st Hispanic American to U. S. Supreme Court Social Issues Scandal led to impeachment (formal accusation) by the House of Representatives Senate vote did not remove the president � No Child Left Behind was created to —Make schools accountable for teaching all students Hurricane Katrina caused by natural disaster and human factors (levee failure, delayed rescue) – Bush criticized for delayed reaction, led to many people deaths Appointed— Hillary Clinton _as Secretary of State Influence of Oprah Winfrey – star power, $$$$, 24

TC B TC TAKIN’ CARE OF BUSINESS B Technological Innovation How have these improved business and American’s standard of living? Satellites— orbit the earth send signals – space junk, pictures Cell phones— instant info and connection, issues? ----- Personal computers— manage info, save info, reduce work load, Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce employment Just-in-time inventory management— parts arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process Information technology— increase in production, high tech jobs Genetic engineering— thousands of diseases such as cancer may be cured Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform a task, help manage workers and production Globalization Business Marketplace How have these encouraged globalization? How does free enterprise impact the creation of discoveries in the U. S. ? Internet— world wide linking of computers, powerful incentive to meet consumer demands, free to produce and choose products e-commerce, doing business on computer Growth of multi-national corporations— multi-national corps. Can move production to other places to avoid taxes and regs. What contribution have these entrepreneurs made to the United States? Bill Gates— Microsoft Sam Walton— Wal-Mart Energy needs—rising population has led to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar, hydro, Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks, global warming acid rain, ozone layer American culture— energy conservation, environmental issues Esteé Lauder— cosmetics Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad agency Robert Johnson— BET Oprah Winfrey— influence public opinion, philanthropy

Industrialization/Child Labor Gilded Age Immigration/Nativism Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR 20’s/Flappers Urbanization/How the other half lives Americanization/ Assimilation Stock Market Crash/ Depression

Spanish American War Depression 30’s Arms Race/Cold War WW I Progressive Era New Deal/ 3 R’s WW II Baby Boom/ Suburbs Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott

Space Race/1969 Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers 1991 – Fall of Communism Sputnik 1957 Anti War Movement Election 2008 MLK/Assassinated 1968 70’s Watergate/Lack of Confidence in Gov’t 9/11/2001

Practice EOC 99 – 1 97 2 96 3 94 4 93 5 91 6 90 7 88 8 87 9 85 10 84 11 82 12 81 13 79 14 78 15 76 16 75 17 74 18 72 19 71 20 69 21 68 22 66 23 65 24 63 25 62 26 60 27 59 28 57 29 56 30