Chapter 2 Diversity Personality and Values Appreciation opens

Chapter 2 Diversity, Personality, and Values Appreciation opens doors to opportunity

Chapter 2 Study Questions Why are diversity and individual differences important? � What is personality? � How are personality and stress related? � What are individual and cultural values? � Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -2

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Individual differences attempts to identify where behavioral tendencies are similar and where they are different. Capitalizing on differences requires an understanding of what they are and valuing the benefits they can offer. Self awareness - being aware of one’s own behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on. Awareness of others - being aware of the behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, and personalities of others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -3

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Components of Self • Self-concept The view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual, or moral beings. • Self-esteem A belief about one’s self worth based on overall selfevaluation. • Self-efficacy A belief in one’s ability to successfully accomplish a specific task. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -4

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Nature versus Nurture • Heredity (nature) consists of those factors that are determined at conception, including physical characteristics, gender, and personality factors. • Environment (nurture) consists of cultural, social, and situational factors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -5

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Heredity: Environment: Physical characteristics Gender Cultural factors Social factors Situational factors Personality Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -6

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Valuing (or not Valuing) Diversity • Discrimination – the flip side of valuing diversity against women and minorities in the workplace. • Glass Ceiling Effect – An invisible barrier or “ceiling” that prevents women and minorities from rising above a certain level of organizational. • Race and Ethnicity – The value of heterogeneous perspectives within teams and organizations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -7

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Gender � Women bring a different set of skills and styles to the workplace. � “Leaking pipeline” #of women decreases the more senior the roles become. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -8

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Sexual Orientation • Attitudes toward gays and lesbians have steadily improved. • Many states now have executive orders protecting the rights of gay and lesbian workers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -9

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Age • Diverse workforce (40% Baby Boomers, 36% Gen. Xers, 16% Millennials). • Generational mix provides an excellent example of diversity in action. • Interesting discussion of this subject on current blogs. (e. g. CNNMoney) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -10

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Disability • Any form of impairment or handicap. • Advocates are seeking new definition in order to remove the stigma that has been associated with the term ‘disability Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -11

Why are diversity and individual differences important? Social Identity Theory • Developed to understand the psychological basis of discrimination. • Categorizing yourself as a member of a social group leads to ‘in-group’ identification. In-group membership Out-group membership Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -12

What is personality? Personality • Combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts to and interacts with others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -13

What is personality? “Big Five” personality dimensions • Extraversion �Being outgoing, sociable, assertive. • Agreeableness �Being good-natured, trusting, cooperative. • Conscientiousness �Being responsible, dependable, persistent. • Emotional stability �Being unworried, secure, relaxed. • Openness to experience �Being imaginative, curious, broad-minded. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -14

What is personality? Social traits • Surface-level traits that reflect the way a person appears to others when interacting in various social settings. Problem-solving style • Reflect the way a person gathers and evaluates information when solving problems and making decisions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -15

What is personality? Information gathering • Getting and organizing data for use. • Styles of information gathering range from sensation to intuitive. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -16

Figure 2. 1: Four problem-solving styles of the Jungian typology Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -17

What is personality? Evaluation in problem solving • Making judgments about how to deal with information once it has been collected. • Styles of information vary from an emphasis on feeling to an emphasis on thinking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -18

What is personality? Personal conception traits • The way individuals tend to think about their social and physical settings, as well as their major beliefs and their personal orientation concerning a range of issues. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -19

What is personality? Locus of control • The extent to which a person feels able to control his/her own life. • Concerned with a person’s internal-external orientation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -20

Figure 2. 2 Ways in which internal locus of control differs from external locus of control Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 -21

What is personality? Proactive Personality – Disposition that identifies whether or not individuals act to influence their environment. • Show initiative • Take action • Persevere until meaningful change occurs Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -22

What is personality? Authoritarianism • Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority. Dogmatism • Leads a person to see the world as a threatening place and to regard authority as absolute. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -23

What is personality? People with a high Machiavellian personality: • Approach situations logically and thoughtfully. • Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals. • Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or others’ opinions. • Are skilled at influencing others. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -24

What is personality? People with a low-Machiavellian personality: • Accept direction imposed by others in loosely structured situations. • Work hard to do well in highly structured situations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -25

What is personality? Self-monitoring • A person’s ability to adjust his/her behavior to external, situational (environmental) factors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -26

What is personality? How are personality and stress related? Emotional adjustment traits • How much an individual experiences distress or displays unacceptable acts. • Type A orientation • Type B orientation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -27

How are personality and stress related? Stress • A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -28

How are personality and stress related? Source of stress • Stressors The wide variety of things that cause stress for individuals. • Types of stressors Work stressors Life stressors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -29

How are personality and stress related? Work-related stressors: • Task demands • Role ambiguities • Role conflicts • Ethical dilemmas • Interpersonal problems • Career developments • Physical setting Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -30

How are personality and stress related? Life stressors • Family events • Economic difficulties • Personal affairs Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -31

How are personality and stress related? Outcomes of Stress • Constructive stress (or eustress) Occurs at moderate stress levels by prompting increased work effort, stimulating creativity, and encouraging greater diligence. • Destructive stress (or distress) Dysfunctional levels of stress negatively impact both the individual and the organization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -32

How are personality and stress related? Coping Mechanisms • Problem focused Manage the problem that is causing the distress. • Emotion focused Regulate emotions or distress. Positive ‘self talk’ can help. (Dr. Shad Helmstetter, video, 7 min. ) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -33

How are personality and stress related? • Personal wellness Involves the pursuit of one’s job and career goals with the support of a personal health management program. • Employee assistance programs Provide help for employees who are experiencing personal problems and related stress. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -34

What are individual and cultural values? Values • Broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. • Values influence attitudes and behavior. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -35

What are individual and cultural values? Terminal values • Reflect a person’s preferences concerning the “ends” to be achieved. Instrumental values • Reflect a person’s beliefs about the means for achieving desired ends. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -36

Figure 2. 3 Terminal and Instrumental Values in the Rokeach value survey Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 -37

What are individual and cultural values? Maglino’s categories of workplace values • • Achievement Helping and concern for others Honesty Fairness Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -38

What are individual and cultural values? Value congruence • Occurs when individuals express positive feelings upon encountering others who exhibit values similar to their own. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -39

What are individual and cultural values? Cultural Values • Culture is the learned and shared way of thinking and acting among a group of people or society. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -40

What are individual and cultural values? Sample country clusters on Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Natural Values Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 -41