Towards Verified DNI Maps for Southern Africa IPC

Towards Verified DNI Maps for Southern Africa IPC XII September - October 2015 Anro le Roux Presenting • Irradiance network and a verified DNI map of SA • Significance of DNI data for the solar energy industry • Future verified DNI maps for southern Africa Verified map headed by AJ Meyer (Geo. SUN) Prof JL van Niekerk (CRSES)

Satellite Derived GHI Maps Available (pre 2010) Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI), of interest for: • Photo Voltaic (PV) energy production developers • Solar water heater type energy production developers

Satellite Derived DNI Maps Available (pre 2010) Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI), of interest for: • Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) energy production developers • Concentrated Photo Voltaic (CPV) energy production developers 110 x 90 km NASA SSE 22 years 40 x 40 km NREL 7 years

DNI Ground Measurements

DNI Measurements (pre 2010) The availability of DNI data in SA before 2010 BSRN station at De Aar, hosted by SAWS (data availability 2000 -2005). UKZN station far from areas of interest for CSP/CPV developers. ESKOM Universities BSRN NREL data obtained from the SWERA website ESKOM stations, data initially private.

DNI Map 2010 The release of DNI map of South Africa in 2010 -3. 7% Aggeneys -7. 8% Paulputs -6. 1% Upington -1. 0% De Aar Ground truthed at De Aar. Later verified (not updated) at other (new) locations. -6. 1% Stellenbosch -5. 8% Durban 4 x 4 km Geo. Model (250 x 250 m DEM) 17 years

Enhanced Verified DNI Map 2014 GIZ sponsored the project which was implemented over 18 months CRSES, Stellenbosch University was contracted to execute the project Geo. SUN Africa was subcontracted to install and maintain the ground stations Geo. Model Solar was subcontracted to perform the satellite modelling and mapping

DNI Map 2014 Measurement Stations

DNI Map 2014 Measurement Stations

DNI Map 2014

DNI Measurements 2015 Developers ESKOM GIZ Project USAid Universities SAWS

Motivation for DNI Maps Migration to Renewable Energy Most energy produced by coal power plants About 25% renewable while our neighbouring countries are close to 100% High DNI Resource in South Africa DNI on 12. 8 x 12. 8 km block can power the entire SA in 2030 (454. 44 TWh, WWF) Abundance of arid space

Motivation for DNI Maps CSP Specifically Kaxu generating 100 MW Total of 600 MW already awarded More Central Receivers planned Thermal storage enable power delivery in peak demand hours (2. 7 times the standard tariff) 10. 5 USD/Wh for CSP 5. 2 USD/Wh for PV Developments in heliostats, receivers and thermal storage at SU CPV Specifically Touwsrivier plant generating 44 MW

Motivation for DNI Maps Work Headed by: P Gauche (STERG)

www. SAURAN. net

Future DNI Measurements USAID More stations to be installed at: • Alice, South Africa • Namibia World Bank 5 stations (4 RSR) are shipped to Zambia Stations to be installed in Malawi World Bank Stations to be installed in Tanzania Ground truthed DNI maps will be created by Geo. Model and released to the public Reunion Island Station to be installed and data released on SAURAN

Acknowledgements Questions/Comments GIZ for sponsoring the mapping project Eskom for sponsoring 2 stations (Sutherland MNNU in PE) and for making DNI data available from their other stations for the project Ripasso and Exxaro for providing DNI data for the project