THERAPEUTIC TOUCH 5 THERAPEUTIC TOUCH 6 DATA COLLECTION

範例三: 能量性治療(THERAPEUTIC TOUCH) 5

範例三: 能量性治療(THERAPEUTIC TOUCH) 6

數據收集(DATA COLLECTION) Within each stratum � 主要抽樣單位(Primary Sampling unit): Townships (鄉鎮市區) � 次要抽樣單位(Secondary Sampling unit): Lin (鄰) � 基本抽樣單位Fundamental Sampling unit: Household (戶) 16

數據收集(Data Collection) Diagram of an Experiment Controllable Factors Premeasurements (體重) Treatment (減肥藥) Uncontrollable Factors Post. Measurements (體重) 18

統計推論 信賴區間(Confidence Interval) 顯著性檢定(Test of Significance) 顯著性檢定之使用及誤用(Use and Abuse of Test of Significance) 20

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95%抽樣誤差範圍-比例 (SAMPLING MARGIN OF ERROR) 30

99%抽樣誤差範圍-比例 (SAMPLING MARGIN OF ERROR) 31

信賴區間-平均值 範例 為了要瞭解飲酒量(alcohol intake, g/day)是否為乾癬 症(psoriasis)的危險因子(risk factor), Poikolainen, et al. (BMJ, 1990, 300: 780 -783) 調查 142位乾癬症患者的每日飲酒量。 樣本平均值: 42. 9 g/day 樣本標準偏差(standard deviation, SD): 85. 8 g/day 33

抽樣誤差範圍-平均值 (SAMPLING MARGIN OF ERROR) 38

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 42

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 Graduate from New College Oxford with degrees in both mathematics and chemistry Worked as a chemist at Arthur Guinness Son and Company – a brewery of making beer and ale He is the first mathematician (or statistician? ) who made contribution to the art of brewing beer 43

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 Question: the amount of yeast used in the mash for fermentation � � Too little incomplete fermentation Too much a bitter beer The thing of interest: the concentration of yeast in the jar Yeast is alive and cells are constantly multiplying and dividing The measurement: the amount of yeast cells per unit volume Probability of the amount of yeast cells per unit volume – Poisson distribution Devise rules and methods of measurement for more accurate assessments of the concentration of yeast cells and more consistent products 44

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 Birth of Student � Gosset wanted to publish his results on the concentration of yeast cells � Guinness prohibited employees to publish their work because a master brewer had written an article to reveal secret components of their brewing processes (a trade secret and intellectual property of the company) 45

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 Karl Pearson, one of the founding editors of Biometrika, was impressed by Gosset’s work on the concentration of yeast and was eager to publish the results To keep anonymity, “student” was used as the author to publish the first discovery of Gosset’s work in Biometrika. 46

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 Student t-distribution Scientists rarely have large samples � Most samples obtained from experiments are in the range between 10 to 20 � Question: What is the distribution of the standardized sample mean when the sample size is small? � 47 47

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 This result “The Probable Error of the Mean” was published in Biometrika in 1908 Student t-distribution has become an indispensable scientific tool for hypothesis testing (student t-test) in the text book that almost everyone uses 48

統計歷史人物簡介 WILLIAM SEALY GOSSET (STUDENT) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 All his work tried to solve some particular problem of brewing beer at work All his results are so general such that they had profound impact on statistical theory and our daily life What kind of world would be without student t-test? Academic freedom for peer-review publication should be strongly protected to advance science and benefit human life 49

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版權聲明 頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 2、711 範例一：淑女品茶 (Lady Testing Tea) 《The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century》，作者：Salsburg, D. ，出版社：Henry Holt Company，New York， 2001 年，P. 1 -P. 8。依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 4、40 -41 範例三：能量性治療 (Therapeutic Touch) 《The Journal of the American Medical Association》279 卷 〈A close look at therapeutic touch〉， 作者：Rosa, L. ; Rosa, E. ; Sarner, L. ，JAMA，1998 年，頁 1005 -1010。 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 5 《The Journal of the American Medical Association》279 卷 〈A close look at therapeutic touch〉， 作者：Rosa, L. ; Rosa, E. ; Sarner, L. ，JAMA，199 8年，頁 1005 -1010。 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 6 Quackwatch (http: //www. quackwatch. com/01 Quackery. Related. Topics/ttdata. html)， 瀏覽日期 2012/06/07。依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 14 《統計與生活》，劉仁沛、洪永泰、蕭朱杏、陳 宏合著， 國立臺灣大學出版中心，2010 年三月初版，頁 249。 由所有權人國立臺灣大學出版中心授權， 您如需利用本作品，請另行向所有權人取得授權。 52

頁碼 作品 信賴區間─平均值 50 《British Medical Journal》300卷〈Alcohol intake: a risk factor for psoriasis in young and middle aged men? 〉， 作者：Poikolainen, K. ; Reunala, T. ; Karvonen, J. ，BMJ Group，1990 年， 780 -783 頁。依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 WIKIPEDIA (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: William_Sealy_Gosset. jpg)， 瀏覽日期 2012/06/07。 42 43 -49 作者 / 來源 《統計與生活》，劉仁沛、洪永泰、蕭朱杏、陳 宏合著， 國立臺灣大學出版中心，2010 年三月初版，頁 257。照片由國立臺灣大學農 藝所朱亭甄同學拍攝。由所有權人國立臺灣大學出版中心授權，您如需利用 本作品，請另行向所有權人取得授權。 29 33 -37 版權標示 統計歷史人物簡介 William Sealy Gosset (Student) 7/13/1876 – 10/16/1937 《William Sealy Gosset and William A. Silverman: Two ‘’Students‘’ of Science》 Vol. 116, No. 3, September 1, 2005，作者：Tonse N. K. Raju，Pediatrics， 頁 732 -735。依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 《AMSTAT NEWS》OCTOBER 2008， American Statistical Association，2008 年，P. 49。 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 54

頁碼 51 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 Mastemáticas / 版權人：Mastemáticas (http: //fblasco. blogspot. com/2010_10_01_archive. html)， 瀏覽日期 2012/5/28。依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 55