METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION A REVIEW OF THE

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON USE OF VIDEO TELECONFERENCING Lisa Gray, Dr. Gwen Rempel, & Dr. Gina Wong Faculty of Health Disciplines Focused on the future of learning

Introduction • In-person interviews are known as a standard form of data collection in qualitative studies. 1 • There has been a large amount of literature written about the use of face-toface interviewing. 2 -4 • With the invention and availability of new technology, new methods of collecting data are possible. • Video teleconferencing may provide a cost effective and convenient alternative.

Rationale and Purpose Rationale: Smaller component of a larger qualitative research study, where Adobe Connect will be employed as the means of data collection. Video teleconferencing as a method of collection has not been well explored in the literature. Purpose: Evaluate the current state of knowledge on the practice of using video teleconferencing in qualitative research.

What is it and What do I Need? What is Video Teleconferencing? Video teleconferencing software allows two or more people in different locations to communicate using audio and/or video imaging in real time. 5 What is Required? • Required software • High-speed Internet access • Required hardware • Mobile telephone with video capabilities, if calling in.

Background • Researchers in the past have sought out alternative means to face-toface interviews, starting with telephone interviews. 6 • There has been an increase of online technologies being utilized in research, such as, emailing 7 -8, instant messaging 9, and chat rooms. 10 • Researchers should evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using video teleconferencing software. 11 -12 • According to the 2012 Canadian Internet Use Survey, 83% of Canadian households have Internet access in their homes. 13

Background (cont. ) • In one study where participants were given a choice between video teleconferencing and a telephone interview, those that choose telephone stated being disappointed that they could not “meet” their interviewer. 15 • Another study found that when given a choice between video teleconferencing and a telephone interview, participants preferred video teleconferencing. 16 • Participants in a study that used emailing stated that they would prefer a faster means of communication. 7

Literature Review Methodology In order to conduct this literature review I utilized Google Scholar and several databases through the Athabasca Library. Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Articles published between 2000 -2016 Articles published before 2000 Articles published in peer-reviewed journals Articles published in non peer-reviewed journals Articles written in English Articles written in a language another than English Studies using video teleconferencing as a means of data collection Studies that did not use video teleconferencing as a means of data collection Keywords included: (Adobe Connect), (video teleconferencing), (qualitative interviews), (semi-structured interviews), and (data collection).

Literature Review Highlights • Video teleconferencing was typically used to save costs 14 -15, to gain access to a wider population 14 -15, and for practical concerns, such as, weather. 15 • Studies found that participants liked having the option of participating online for flexibility and convenience. 14 • Studies that compared face-to-face versus online interviews did not find negative impacts in terms of quality of the interview. 14, 17 • Some interviewees were more open during online interviews. 14 • One study also noted technical difficulties and interview skills as important considerations. 18

Literature Review Highlights (cont. ) Gaps • Current available literature seemed to be focused on the use of Skype. 12, 14, 19 • One study found that online interviews had a higher rate of absentees. Increased emailing prior to interviews seemed to decrease this, but further research is needed in this area. 14

Things to Consider • Availability of technology • Location • Privacy • Comfort level and ability • Contingency plan in case of technical difficulties • Ethical considerations • Applicability and appropriateness • Rapport • Speak clear, manage background noise, utilize hand gestures and facial expressions, and look into the camera

Why use Video Teleconferencing? • No geographical barriers • Flexibility • Participants may feel more comfortable • Able to observe participants non-verbal and emotional indications • Cost effective and convenient • Possible increased participation • Decreased healthy and safety risks

Disadvantages • Software and hardware requirements • Technical difficulties • Discomfort with technology • Additional ethical considerations • Lack of physical presence • Chosen location may be distracting for participants • Researchers may miss body language or emotional cues

Implications and Conclusion Implications: • Could help researchers to gain access to larger and more diverse sample sizes. • This could potentially lead to more studies and advances in our field. Conclusions: • Although there are many advantages, it is important for researchers to be aware of the disadvantages as well. • Researchers should ensure that using this method of data collection is appropriate for their specific study and participant population.

References 1. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3 rd ed. ). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. 2. Opdenakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(4), 1. Retrieved from http: //www. qualitative-research. net/index. php/fqs/article/view/175 3. Di. Cicco-Bloom, B. , & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314– 321. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365 -2929. 2006. 02418. x 4. Gill, P. , Stewart, K. , Treasure, E. , & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British Dental Journal, 204(6), 291– 295. doi: 10. 1038/bdj. 2008. 192 5. Gough, M. , & Rosenfeld, J. (2006). Video conferencing over IP. [electronic resource] : configure, secure, and troubleshoot. Rockland, MA : Syngress. 6. King, N. & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. London: SAGE Publications Inc. 7. Mason, D. M. , & Ide, B. (2014). Adapting qualitative research strategies to technology savvy adolescents. Nurse Researcher, 21(5), 40– 45. doi: 10. 7748/nr. 21. 5. 40. e 1241 8. James, N. (2015). Using email interviews in qualitative educational research: creating space to think and time to talk. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(2), 150– 163. doi: 10. 1080/09518398. 2015. 1017848 9. Stieger, S. , & Göritz, A. S. (2006). Using Instant Messaging for Internet-Based Interviews. Cyber. Psychology & Behavior, 9(5), 552– 559. doi: 10. 1089/cpb. 2006. 9. 552 10. Shapka, J. D. , Domene, J. F. , Khan, S. , & Yang, L. M. (2016). Online versus in-person interviews with adolescents: An exploration of data equivalence. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 361– 367. doi: 10. 1016/j. chb. 2016. 016 11. Fielding, N. (2010). Virtual fieldwork using access grid. Field Methods, 22(3), 195 -216. doi: 10. 1177/1525822 X 10374277 12. Nehls, K. , Smith, B. D. , & Schneider, H. A. (2014). Video-Conferencing Interviews in Qualitative Research. In S. Hai-Jew (Ed. ). Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology, 140– 157. doi: 10. 4018/978 -1 -4666 -6493 -7. ch 006

References (cont. ) 13. Statistics Canada. (2013). Canadian Internet use survey, 2012. (Catalogue no. 11 -001 -X). Retrieved from http: //www. statcan. gc. ca/dailyquotidien/131126/dq 131126 d-eng. pdf 14. Deakin, H. , & Wakefield, K. (2013). Skype interviewing: reflections of two Ph. D researchers. Qualitative Research, 14(5), 603– 616. doi: 10. 1177/1468794113488126 15. Sedgwick, M. , & Spiers, J. (2009). The Use of Videoconferencing as a Medium for the Qualitative Interview. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 1 -11. 16. Mabragaña, M. , Carballo-Diéguez, A. , & Giguere, R. (2013). Young women's experience with using videoconferencing for the assessment of sexual behavior and microbicide use. Telemedicine Journal And E-Health : The Official Journal Of The American Telemedicine Association, 19(11), 866 -871. doi: 10. 1089/tmj. 2013. 0008. 17. Cabaroglu, N. , Basaran, S. , & Roberts, J. (2010). A comparison between the occurrence of pauses, repetitions and recasts under conditions of face-to-face and computer-mediated communication: A preliminary study. Turkish Online Journal Of Educational Technology, 9(2), 14 -23. 18. Rowe, M. , Rosenheck, R. , Stern, E. , & Bellamy, C. (2014). Video Conferencing Technology in Research on Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Site Research Staff. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 77(1), 98– 102. doi: 10. 1521/psyc. 2014. 77. 1. 98 19. Sullivan, J. R. (2012). Skype: An appropriate method of data collection for qualitative interviews? The Hilltop Review, 6, 54– 60. Retrieved from http: //scholarworks. wmich. edu/hilltopreview/vol 6/iss 1/10

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