The History of the Computer 6152021 1 The

The History of the Computer 6/15/2021 1

The First Calculating Device 6/15/2021 2

The Abacus • • • 6/15/2021 Once cave men became farmers, it became necessary to develop a bigger calculating device. The abacus was developed in Egypt and in China at different times. The abacus is still used in parts of the far east. 3

Napier’s Bones • 6/15/2021 1614 AD – Napier’s Bones John Napier (1550 -1617), a Scottish mathematician, invented the Napier’s Bones an aid to multiplication. A set of bones consisted of nine (9) rods, one for each digit 1 through 9. A rod is essentially one column of a multiplication table 4

• 6/15/2021 1633 – The Slide Rule William Oughtred invented the slide rule. Markings on this instrument represented the logarithms of numbers. Other scales permit calculations involving exponents, trigonometric functions, etc. The slide rule was popular until the 1900’s when the electronic calculator took its place. 5

The Pascaline -1642 • • Blaise Pascal developed the Pacaline to help his father who was an accountant. The Pascaline works on the principle of gears • As each gear turns the tenth tooth is larger and turns another gear 6/15/2021 6

Leibniz's "Stepped Reckoner" 1674 "Theoretically this machine could handle the four arithmetic functions, had delayed carrying device, and contained the stepped drum principle, which 150 years later was used in the first commercially successful calculator. ” 6/15/2021 7

The Jacquard Loom • • 6/15/2021 Joseph Jacquard developed the Jacquard Loom for the textile industry. The Jacquard Loom used punch cards instead of young boys to control the threads. 8

The Jacquard Loom 6/15/2021 9

Charles Babbage, the father of modern computers 6/15/2021 10

The Analytical Engine • 6/15/2021 His Analytical Engine, conceived in 1834, is one of the startling intellectual feats of the nineteenth century. The design of this machine possesses all the essential logical features of the modern general purpose computer. However, there is no direct line of descent from Babbage’s work to the modern electronic computer invented by the pioneers of the electronic age in the late 1930 s and early 1940 s largely in ignorance of the detail of Babbage's work. 11

Ada Byron • • 6/15/2021 Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, helped Charles Babbage with the analytical engine. Ada Byron is considered the first computer programmer 12

Herman Hollerith • • 6/15/2021 Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine used punched cards. It enabled the Census Bureau to calculate the 1900 census in a fraction of the time it took in 1890. 13

Conrad Zuse’s Z 1 6/15/2021 14

Easy as A B C "I have always taken the position that there is enough credit for everyone in the invention and development of the electronic computer" - John Atanasoff to reporters 6/15/2021 15

The Atanasoff Berry Computer 6/15/2021 16

MARK 1, The First Electro. Mechanical Computer • • 6/15/2021 Developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University in cooperation with IBM. Used by US Navy to compute the trajectory for artillary. 17

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What is a bug? • 6/15/2021 A “bug” is an error in a computer program. 19

First Generation Computer • • 6/15/2021 Mid 1940 s to late 1950 s Used vacuum tubes Hot, needed extra airconditioning Large Expensive Unreliable Stored program 20

ENIAC • • • 6/15/2021 Developed by Mauchly & Eckert for the US military in 1946 Weighed 30 tons and used 17, 000 vacuum tubes Hot, unreliable 21

Ed. Vac • • 6/15/2021 Edvac and Edsac were the first stored program computers Stored programs allowed computers to complete different tasks without having to be rewired 22

Stored Programs • • 6/15/2021 A program is a list of instructions written in a special language that the computer understands. Machine language consists of a series of 0 s and 1 s that represent the off or on state of a switch. 23

UNIVAC • 6/15/2021 The UNIVAC I (the name stood for Universal Automatic Computer) was delivered to the Census Bureau in 1951. It weighed some 16, 000 pounds, used 5, 000 vacuum tubes, and could perform about 1, 000 calculations per second. It was the first American commercial computer, as well as the first computer designed for business use 24

2 nd Generation Computers • • 6/15/2021 Late 1950 s to early 1960 s Used transistors Faster Less expensive Cooler More reliable High level programming languages 25

2 nd Generation Computer High level programming languages enabled programmers to use English-like commands rather than having to program in binary. • Examples of high level programming languages: • Cobol • Fortran • RPG • Pascal • Basic • Visual 6/15/2021 Basic 26

3 rd Generation Computers • • • 6/15/2021 Mid 1960 s to early 1970 s Faster Smaller More reliable Example: IBM System 360 – mini computer Less expensive 27

4 th Generation Computers • • 6/15/2021 Microprocessor (silicon chip) Early 1970 s to today Personal computers Laptops PDA Less expensive Extremely fast Reliable 28

• • Easier to use Development of the GUI • Apple Computers Macintosh • IBM – Microsoft Windows 6/15/2021 • It would be wonderful if I can inspire others, who are struggling to realize their dreams, to say 'if this country kid could do it, let me keep slogging away'. " - Douglas Engelbart 29

Instant Communication • A network of computers developed during the Cold War for the military in case of a nuclear incident and to enable researchers at different universities to share data. Only four computers were connected to the original ARPANET. 6/15/2021 30 •

Altair I – First Personal Computer 6/15/2021 31

Early Personal Computers 6/15/2021 32

Fourth Generation • • • Introduction of Arpanet in 1969 for the US Military Introduction of user-friendly pc’s 1980 s TCP/IP, an easier protocol for file transfers that allowed for use of hypertext. 1989 - World Wide Web – Tim Berners Lee Early 1990 s – • GUI operating systems • “off the shelf” applications programs • MOSAIC – first freely available web browser 6/15/2021 33

Fifth Generation • 6/15/2021 The Fifth-Generation Computer was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980 s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and usable artificial intelligence capabilities. 34

Where do we go from here? • • • 6/15/2021 Artificial intelligence Expert systems Robotics Nano-computers ? ? ? ? ? 35

More information • • 6/15/2021 The Mind Machine The History of Computers 36