John von Neumann First draft of a Report

John von Neumann “First draft of a Report on the EDVAC” 30 June, 1945 Founding document of modern computing von Neumann architecture used in most non-parallel processing computers

János von Neumann 1903 -1957 ØNon-practicing Jewish family ØMathematical prodigy and party animal ØPh. D. in mathematics from the University of Budapest at the age of 23

John von Neumann § Princeton University 1930 § the father of game theory § during World War II part of the Manhattan Project to develop the first atomic weapons § mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics heavily based on statistical concepts

John von Neumann ØDesigned first examples of selfreplicating automata with pencil and graph paper ØExplored problems of numerical hydrodynamics ØDied of cancer in Washington D. C

Human Calculating Machine North American Aviation, early 1950’s

Ten Years Later Same company with two IBM 7090 computers for designing and testing rocket engines

Eckert and Mauchly Computer Corporation 1948 Computing after 1945 is the story of people, who at critical moments, redefined the nature of the technology itself

Univac I Øused 5, 200 vacuum tubes Øweighed 13 metric tons Øconsumed 125 k. W/h Ø 1, 905 operations per second running on a 2. 25 MHz clock Ømercury delay line memory unit 4. 3 m × 2. 4 m × 2. 6 m

Univac I Ø complete system occupied more than 35. 5 m² Ø main memory 1000 words of 11 decimal digits plus sign (72 bit words) Ø The input and output memory 120 words, consisting of 12 channels of 10 word mercury registers

Univac I § Between $1, 250, 000 and $1, 500, 000 § 46 systems built and delivered

Univac I mercury delay line memory Ø 7 large mercury tanks Øeighteen 10 -word channels Øhorizontal columns of mercury with sending and receiving piezoelectric quartz crystals at each end Øchannels separated by metal tube waveguides as the data bits moved through the mercury

Univac I Ø Each 10 -word channel held 910 bits Ø 910 -bits re-circulated every 404 µ-seconds Ø Frequency of the carrier wave for the 910 bits as they moved through the mercury column was 11. 25 Mhz Ø Main clock in sync with 910 bits of a 10 word channel and provided timing for all operations

Admiral Grace Hopper I am pleased that history recognizes the first to invent something, but I am more concerned with the first person to make it work. – Grace Hopper 1906 - 1992

Grace Hopper § Wrote the first manual of operations § Invented the compiler § First debugger § "progenitor" of COBOL

An Wang 1920 - 1990 § 1948 -Ph. D in applied physics Harvard University § 1951 -Founded Wang Labs § 1955 -Awarded patent for a pulse transfer controlling device that made the magnetic core possible, which he also invented § 1965 -Introduced LOCI the first calculator that produces a logarithm in one single keystroke

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory

Transistors v. Invented in Bell Laboratories v. Working as memory in the lab in the early 1950’s

The Third Generation The microscopic integrated circuit combined many hundreds of transistors into one unit for fabrication.