Brief history of computer animation Computer graphics innovators

Brief history of computer animation. Computer graphics innovators, contributors and research centers Ivan Sutherland John Whitney Larry Cuba Charles Scuri David Em Yoichiro Kawaguchi Karl Sims AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

The beginning of computer graphics as art 1965 Georg Nees and Frieder Nake exhibited » Computer Graphic – Programs « Stuttgart gallery of Wendelin Niedlich. 1965 A. Michael Noll and Bela Julesz showed » Computer Generated Pictures « Howard Wise’s New York gallery. 1960 London Institute for Contemporary Arts, » Cybernetic Serendipity «, curated by Jasia Reichardt. 1968 -1969 » Tendencije 4 – Computers and Visual Research « Zagreb. 1968 a Computer Art Society has been formed in London AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Ivan Sutherland is considered by many to be the creator of Computer Graphics. Starting with his Ph. D. thesis, Sketchpad, Sutherland has contributed numerous ideas to the study of Computer Graphics and Computer Interaction. Ivan introduced concepts such as 3 -D computer modeling, visual simulations, computer aided design (CAD) and virtual reality. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 1959 B. S. from Carnegie-Mellon University 1960 M. S. from California Institute of Technology 1963 Ph. D. in Electrical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1963 Thesis dissertation "Sketchpad: A Man Machine Graphical Communication System“ AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Sketchpad a groundbreaking interactive computer-aided design system MIT's Lincoln Laboratory on a TX-2 computer defined a GUI (Graphical User Interface) computer-aided drafting (CAD) human-computer interaction object oriented programming hierarchical drawings constraint-satisfaction methods AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Sketchpad Hierarchy – pictures and sub-pictures Constraints Icons Copying Light Pen as input device Recursive operations AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Sketchpad • the light pen was used to draw directly on the computer's monitor and incorporated graphical user interface techniques such as rubber-banding of lines and zooming • rubber-banded lines could be constrained to always intersect at a precise angle • an advanced memory architecture was developed that allowed the creation of master objects and "instances" which were very memory efficient copies of the masters • the master-instance concept allowed the creation of a master drawing and then duplicates to be created which would inherit properties of the objects in the master drawing unless they were locally changed • if the master drawing was changed then the changes would automatically be propogated through the instances in any duplicates. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 1964 -66 Evans & Sutherland director of the Information Processing Techniques office of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) guided computer research across the United States particularly in the areas of timesharing and artificial intelligence 1968 joined colleague David Evans to build a center of computer graphics research at the University of Utah 1968 Evans and Sutherland Computer Corporation. 1976 -1980 chairman of computer science at the California Institute of Technology AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Evans & Sutherland produces hardware and software to create highly realistic visual images for simulation, training, engineering, and other applications throughout the world. E&S visual systems are used in both military and commercial systems, as well as planetariums and interactive theaters. Since its formation in 1968, E&S has developed and built the most extensive visual simulation technology base in the world. The company's depth in technology and experience uniquely positions E&S to provide complete, tailored visual solutions for virtually any simulation or visualization application. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Evans & Sutherland computer graphics military training and simulation digital projection environments abandoned barracks on the university of Utah grounds Jim Clark, who started Silicon Graphics Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar John Warnock of Adobe AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Evans & Sutherland 1970 s formed a partnership wit Rediffusion, a UK-based flight simulator company to design and build digital flight simulators AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Evans & Sutherland 1980 s Digital Theater division to create immersive mass-audience experiences at planetariums, visitor attractions and similar education and entertainment venues Digital Theater system installed in upwards of 60 venues worldwide. 1986 and 1989 supercomputer vendor AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 1980 Evans & Sutherland vice president of the small consulting firm Sutherland, Sproull and Associates which Sun acquired in 1990 to form the basis of its Research Laboratory. Currently vice president and fellow at Sun Microsystems 1988 ACM Turing Award 1986 the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award 1998 the IEEE John von Neumann Medal Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) Father of Computer Graphics "My computer program is like a piano. I could continue to use it creatively all my life. " AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) • • studies in music and photography Pomona College in California England Paris 1950's commercial work for Hollywood 1955 director of animation at UPA studios Partnership with Saul Bass for opening title sequence for the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo • 1957 worked with Charles Eames to presentation for the Fuller Dome in Moscow • 1960 company "Motion Graphics Incorporated" • Produced motion-picture and television sequences and commercials with an analogue computer. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) Most of the work completed at Motion Graphics was created with a "mechanical analog computer for specialized animation with typography and concrete design" that Whitney himself invented. The analogue computer that Whitney started off with was created from machinery that was used for an M-5 Antiaircraft Gun Director. Later, some of the M-5 components were replaced with those from an M-7, a more sophisticated machine, to create a gigantic twelve foot high analogue computer which Motion Graphics used to produce its work. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) 1966 IBM awarded John Whitney its first "artist in residence" status to explore the aesthetic potentials of computer graphics 1961 Catalogue AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) 1968 Permutations Music: Indian tabla music by Balachandra on 16 mm prints AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) 1975 Arabesque grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, and IBM sponsorship Music: Manoocheher Sadeghi AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) RDTD (Radius-Differential Theta Differential "synthesizer for the future" Developed with Jack Citron was the tool for audio-visual composition. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

John Whitney (1917 -1995 ) 80's exploration of digital harmony "a special relationship between musical and visual design. " 1989 -1995 Moon drum series of 12 works based on Native American ceremonial art Navajo Hopi Kwakiutl Oxaquitl Chaco Chapala AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 California Institute of the Arts mainframe computers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab currently an artist-in-residence at the Institute for Visual Media of the ZKM in Karlsruhe, Germany AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 My work is not a part of that race for the flashiest, zoomiest, most chrome, most glass, most super-rendered image. My interest is experimental animation as the design of form in motion, independent of any particular technology used to create it. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 1978 3/78 (Objects and Transformations) 6 minutes 16 mm Kazu Matsui Shakuhachi (the Japanese bamboo flute) Created in Chicago with Tom De. Fanti's Graphic Symbiosis System (GRASS) AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 1979 Two Space 8 minutes 16 mm, B/W programming language RAP at the Los Angeles firm Information International AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 • In Two Space he orchestrated positive and negative space to give the sense of the dynamic interaction between two dancing forces, one visible and one invisible. • Two dimensional patterns, like the tile patterns of Islamic temples, are generated by performing a set of symmetry operations (translations, rotations, and reflections) upon a basic figure or tile. • Two Space consists of twelve such patterns produced using each of nine different animating figures (12 x 9 = 108 total). Rendered in stark black and white, the patterns produce optical illusions of figure-ground reversal and afterimages of color. Gamelan music from the classical tradition of Java adds to the mesmerizing effect. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Larry Cuba b. 1950 1985 Calculated Movements 6 minutes 16 mm, B/W produced at Cuba's studio in Santa Cruz on the Datamax UV-1 personal computer with Tom De. Fanti's Zgrass graphics language. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Charles A. Csuri 1922 Charles A. Csuri is an artist and computer graphics pioneer Professor, at The Ohio State University. 1955 -1965 exhibited his paintings in New York City 1964 experimented with computer graphics technology 1965 began creating computer animated films 1968 his work was highlighted in the exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity held at The Institute for Contemporary Art, London, England His research activity in computer animation and graphics has received international recognition and acclaim. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Charles A. Csuri 1922 With support from the National Science Foundation, the Navy, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, he directed basic research in computer graphics for over 22 years. This research activity involved 15 major projects and over eight million dollars. The results of the research have been applied to flight simulators, computer-aided design, visualization of scientific phenomena , magnetic resonance imaging, education for the deaf, architecture, and special effects for television and films. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

David Em (USA) 1953 started as a painter 1974 began to experiment with electronic manipulations of TV images. This led to his involvement with the Xerox Research PARC in Palo Alto and to collaboration with computer graphics pioneers Alvy Ray Smith and Dick Shoup, inventor of the frame buffer. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

David Em (USA) 1953 1976 had access to equipment at Triple-I, set up by Gary Demos and John Whitney Sr. , but it was the introduction to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the research work of pioneer James Blinn that led to Em's mature computer art style. The works produced at JPL led to the first ever artist's monograph published on digital art (The Art of David Em, published by Harry N. Abrams) AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Yoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952 My pieces are being carried out on a paradigm that "growth model is created by the recursive structure of the self-organization, thus being the fruit of complexed form of evolutional cells. “ Yoichiro Kawaguchi AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Yoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952 born on on Tanegashima Island. 1975 first computer images. 1976 degree in Visual Communication and Design from the Kyushu Institute of Design. 1978 received his Master of Fine Arts from Tokyo University of Education. 1982 a regular participant in the Siggraph events. 1986 involved in research work for High Definition TV (HDTV). Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art & Science Lab, Department of Art, Nippon Electronics College, Tokyo. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Yoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952 “Growth model” an algorythm-backed complex that builds and generates forms via its recursive structure. By running a genetic program, the computer creates images of new forms that, although not real, are abstractions of a distinctly organic nature. The "GROTH Model" is a way to give an unforeseen form to the progress of time. The model is not intended to create or a faithful representations of reality but to produce a new bionomic pictorial space backed by an algorithm. It is a "life form of probability. " AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Yoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952 Filmography Pollen 1975 Lines 1976 Ecology 1976 Shell 1976 Grown 1977 Tentacle 1980 Horn 1981 Tendril 1981 Fern 1982 Growth 1983 Zooid 1984 Morthogenesis 1984 Origin 1985 Ocean 1986 Cosmo 1987 Float 1987 Tempter 1988 Embryo 1988 Flora 1989 Eggy 1990 Festival 1991 Mutation 1992 Cell 1993 Coacervater 1994 Gigalopolis 1995 Neurar 1996 Paradise 1997 Fossy 1999 Wriggon 1999 Nebular 2000 Gemotion 2001 AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 1984 SB in biology MIT. 1989 Ph. D computer graphics at the MIT Media Lab. 2002 Mac. Arthur Fellowship, awarded for "extraordinary originality and dedication in creative pursuits“ by the John D. and Catherine T. Mac. Arthur foundation. He currently leads Gen. Arts, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he creates special effects software for the motion picture industry. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 www. genart. com Gen. Arts, Inc. is a premier provider of visual special effects software for the film and video industry. Our Sapphire Plug-ins extend the capabilities of editing and effects workstations by providing digital artists with a collection of over 175 state-of-the-art image processing and synthesis effects. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Uses genetic algorithms to obtain new solutions to tangible problems, develops graphic representations of those solutions, and uses those graphics to teach the principles of biological selection. His work and research include several computer graphics animations and interactive media installations as well as technical papers on his work about virtual creatures and interactive evolution. He has exhibited in several venues such as ICC Tokyo, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, and Ars Electronica, Linz. He has received a Mac. Arthur Fellowship and numerous other awards for his work. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 2002 Mac. Arthur Fellowship 1998 Award for Video Math, Berlin Video Math Festival, Berlin 1997 Motorola Imaginology Award, Interactive Media Festival 1997 Creativity Award, Interactive Media Festival 1993 Special Prize of the Jury, Imagina 1993, Monte Carlo 1993 First Place Award for Technology, National Computer Graphics Association 1993 Video Theater [USA]; International Competition Prize Winner, 6 th Berlin Video Festival 1992 Grand Prize, Golden Nica Animation Award, Ars Electronica 1992 Grand Prize for Art & Entertainment, NICOGRAPH 1992 First Prize for Art, Images du Futur 6 th International Computer Animation Competition AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Locomotion Studies 1987 Animated walking stick creatures and inch worms. Inner View, 1989 Animations utilizing 3 D Volume Rendering. Burning Logos, 1989 Collection of animated fire simulations created using particle systems techniques. Excerpts from Leonardo's Deluge, 1989 Demonstration of choreographed image flow techniques. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Particle Dreams, 1988 Animated waterfall, snowstorm, and explosion, created with particle systems techniques. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Panspermia, 1990 Animation depicting a life cycle of an inter-galactic botanical life form. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Primordial Dance, 1991 Animated sequences created using automatic morphing between "evolved" images. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Liquid Selves, 1992 Computer animation of human forms and faces, produced for Art Futura and "Memory Palace“ at the World Fair in Spain. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 Evolved Virtual Creatures, 1994 Demonstration of research results show simulated block creatures performing various evolved behaviors. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 1993 Genetic Images media installation in which visitors can interactively "evolve“ abstract still images. A supercomputer generates and displays 16 images on an arc of screens. Visitors stand on sensors in front of the most aesthetically pleasing images to select which ones will survive and reproduce to make the next generation. It has been exhibited at the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Ars Electronica, Linz, and the Interactive Media Festival, Los Angeles. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Karl Sims b 1962 1997 Galapagos an interactive installation which allows viewers to apply aesthetic criteria to animated figures, determining which survive to reproduce a demonstration akin to nature's mechanism of sexual selection. on permanent exhibit at the Intercommunications Center, an electronic arts museum in Tokyo. AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006 AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC