The Colonies Come of Age SECTION 1 England

The Colonies Come of Age SECTION 1 England Its Colonies SECTION 2 The Agricultural South SECTION 3 The Commercial North SECTION 4 The French and Indian War NEXT

Section 1 England Its Colonies England its largely self-governing colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. NEXT

SECTION 1 England and Its Colonies Prosper Mercantilism • English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods • Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient --Encouraged colonialization • Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out The Navigation Acts • Parliament—England’s legislative body • England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat • 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws restrict colonial trade NEXT

SECTION 1 England and Its Colonies Prosper The Navigation Acts Navigation Act (1651): All crews to be 1/2 English in nationality Most goods must be carried on English ships. Navigation Act (1660): Required all colonial trade to be on English ships Master and 3/4 of crew must be English List of "enumerated goods" developed that could only be shipped to England or an English colony Navigation Act (1663): Required goods bound for the colonies from Africa, Asia, or Europe to first be landed in England before shipping to America. Navigation Act (1696): Created system of admiralty courts to enforce trade regulations and punish smugglers Customs officials given power to issue writs of assistance to board ships and search for smuggled goods NEXT

1 Tensions Emerge Crackdown in Massachusetts • Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad • In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony; “Puritan utopia” is over The Dominion of New England • In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England - land from southern ME to NJ united into one colony; to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler - The King wanted to assert more control over the independent assemblies and enforce economic restrictions. • Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants - Harshly enforces Navigation Acts - Questions lawfulness of Puritan religion - Outlaws local assemblies; levies taxes without consent NEXT

Excerpts from the Commission of Sir Edmund Andros for the Dominion of New England • “…Wee do hereby give and grant unto you full power and authority, by and with the advise and consent of our said Council … to make constitute and ordain laws statutes and ordinances … …” • … to impose assess and raise and levy rates and taxes as you shall find necessary for the support of the government … • “…to be a constant and settled Court of Record for ye administration of justice” • “…levy arms muster command … also to execute martial law in time of invasion insurrection or war…”

SECTION 1 continued Tensions Emerge The Glorious Revolution • King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament • Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689 • Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange • Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors • NY governor Francis Nicholson deposed and executed by a militia led by Jacob Leisler (Leisler’s Rebellion) • Parliament restores separate colonial charters; reasserts religious toleration • However, the king appoints royal governors, and makes sure Puritans are no longer dominant in society NEXT

Demand for Surrender of Sir Edmund Andros

SECTION 1 England Loosens the Reins Salutary Neglect • English turn attention to rivalry with France • As long as raw materials and goods are shipped to England, no reason to aggressively enforce colonial laws • England’s salutary neglect—The colonists were allowed to govern themselves with minimal royal and parliamentary interference. --In turn, they fulfilled their role in the mercantilist system as the suppliers of raw materials for manufacture in England as markets for those finished goods. NEXT

SECTION 1 England Loosens the Reins The Seeds of Self-Government • Governor’s great powers: assembly, courts, trade • Colonial assembly influences governor because they pay his salary • Colonists begin to develop taste for self-government that will eventually lead to rebellion --However, still loyal to Britain • Colonies have little in common (North and South distinct economies)---Not going to unite against Eng. NEXT

Section 2 The Agricultural South In the Southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. NEXT

SECTION 2 The Agricultural South A Plantation Economy Arises The Rural Southern Economy • Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture • Cash crops: tobacco (VA, NC); rice (SC, GA) • Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets in the North • Plantations develop instead of towns; stands in opposition to the North • Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed --Only cities are Charlestown (SC), Savannah (GA), and Richmond (VA)…but not nearly as expansive as Northern cities (Philly, NY, Boston, etc. ) NEXT

Southern Plantations This painting shows an aristocratic Southern plantation. The painting shows the hierarchy on a plantation, with the big mansion at the top center, the smaller houses that supported the plantation. Out of frame would be the slave quarters, which were mere shacks. The illustration suggests that agriculture and shipping were of primary importance to the plantation.

SECTION 2 Life in Southern Society A Diverse and Prosperous People • In 1700 s, many German, Scots, and Irish immigrants settle in South; increased diversity, but much less than the North • Southern population mostly small farmers • Planters are minority but control economy • By mid-1700 s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous The Role of Women • Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling; submit to husbands’ will • Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores; their only education was in domestic chores or etiquette. Indenture Servants • Mostly young men trade life of poverty or prison for a term of servitude. • Harsh life on plantations or the frontier; few rights • #’s decline as African slavery increases NEXT

SECTION 2 Slavery Becomes Entrenched The European Slave Trade • 1690: 13, 000 slaves in the South 1750: 200, 000 • Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery • 3 -way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies: - New England exports rum and other goods to England, Africa; South exports cash crops to England - England exports manufactured goods to West Indies and colonies; Africa exports slaves to West Indies and colonies - West Indies export sugar, molasses to Continued. . . New England to be made into rum NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Middle Passage • Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves • Whippings, beatings, blood, sweat, excrement, vomit • 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide Slavery in the South • 80– 90% of slaves work in fields; 10– 20% work in house or as artisans • Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death • Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful NEXT

SECTION 2 Africans Cope in Their New World Culture and Family • Slaves preserve cultural heritage despite whites’ efforts to eradicate it: crafts, music, stories, dance Resistance and Revolt • Slaves resist subservient position, --Escape to the North, Canada, into Native American communities, or into Spanish territory --Everything from feigning illness, ignorance, sabotage, etc. • 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families killed near Charleston, march South inviting slaves to join along the way; militia defeats slaves who were then executed • As a result of rebellions, colonists tighten slave laws NEXT

The Stono Rebellion When the slave owners caught up with the rebels from the Stono River in 1739, they engaged the 60 to 100 slaves in a battle. More than 20 white Carolinians, and nearly twice as many black Carolinians, were killed. Stono's rebellion was only one among the 250 rebellions documented in the Colonies and later in the southern United States.

Section 3 The Commercial North The Northern colonies develop a predominately urban society based on commerce and trade. NEXT

SECTION 3 The Commercial North Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy • Colonies’ economy growing 2 times faster than Britain (1650 -1750); mostly in NE and Middle cols. • Diverse commercial economy: wheat, corn, fish, timber, artisans, industry • Sell surplus food to the W. Indies…tri. trade • Merchants most powerful group in North Urban Life • Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston, Philly • Philadelphia 2 nd largest city in British empire; streets planned in a grid (1 st major city to do so since ancient Rome) • Sophisticated city (culture, parks, police, paved streets), but lack of social services plague the masses NEXT

Philadelphia - 18 th century panorama Harbor, port, Street grid, Battery , State House

SECTION 3 Northern Society Is Diverse Influx of Immigrants • 1700 s, large influx of immigrants: Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews, Scandinavians, • Immigrants encounter prejudice • Despite tensions, a multitude of nationalities thrive in the new northern urban centers Slavery in the North • Less slavery in North than in South; but extensive in the middle colonies in the early colonial era • Slaves have some legal rights (slaves can sue in NE), but highly restricted and no laws to protect from the cruelty of Americans Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Northern Society Is Diverse Women in Northern Society • Women have few legal rights (can’t vote, own property) • Only single women, widows can own businesses • Wives must submit to husbands Witchcraft Trials in Salem • In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria • Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich • Several victims were women considered too independent • Causes --Troubled times: smallpox, decline in Puritanism and traditional values, Indians (Satanists!), --Class resentments NEXT

SECTION 3 New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Enlightenment • Enlightenment—movement in 1700 s emphasizing reason, observation, fixed mathematical laws • Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets; literacy high in NE (Puritans embrace public) education • Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas (significance of his kite experiment? ) • Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment views (Thomas Jefferson, John and Abigail Adams) Abigail in 1776: “By the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation” Illustrates her “enlightened” ideology Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Great Awakening • Puritanism declines; rise of other (Baptist, Methodist) churches • Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy • Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730 s and 1740 s • Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches • Interest in learning increases; secondary and higher education begins soaring --Today’s ivy league schools founded to train people for the ministry • Both movements question authority, stress individual’s importance NEXT

The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath toward you burns like fire. He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes, as the most hateful and venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince—and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. (1741 -Connecticut)

Section 4 The French and Indian War British victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists. NEXT

SECTION 4 The French and Indian War Rivals for an Empire Britain and France Compete • World War: “Seven Years’ War”: fought in America, Europe, India • In 1750 s, Britain, France build empires; both want Ohio River Valley France’s North American Empire • France claims St. Lawrence River region (Quebec), Mississippi Valley (Louisiana) • By 1754, French colony of New France has small population; mostly fur traders, missionary priests • French have good relations, military alliances with natives • Natives distrust, despise English for taking land breaking treaties --Most Indian tribes (except for Iroquois Confederacy) ally with French NEXT

SECTION 4 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy The War Begins • French build Fort Duquesne (future site of Pittsburg) in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia • In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated at Fort Necessity • The Albany Plan: Ben Franklin proposes the colonies should unite; fails—colonies don’t see themselves as Americans yet • French and Indian War (aka King George’s War) begins—fourth war between Britain and France • 1755– 1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies • Natives massacre colonists on the frontier; lack of protection from English angers cols Continued. . . NEXT

Cartoon Urging Colonists to Unite during the French and Indian War Published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754, Benjamin Franklin’s warning, “Join or Die”, urges Americans to unite against the French and the Native Americans. The segments of the snake in the image each represent a colony.

The Schenectady Massacre On February 8 th, 1690, Schenectady faced a devastating set back when 114 French troops and 96 Native Americans descended upon the unsuspecting town. After a bloody attack, 60 men, women, and children lost their lives, 27 men and boys were taken captive, and the town was set ablaze.

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of Fighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

SECTION 4 continued Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide • Roger’s Rangers: American light infantry group begins to copy Native-style attacks • William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British • In 1759, British capture of Quebec --many French-speakers from Acadia (Nova Scotia) expelled to Louisiana—descendants form the Cajun ethnic group --leads to victory in war • Treaty of Paris ends war (1763); land divided between Britain, Spain Victory Brings New Problems • Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts • British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened • Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians; but unenforced NEXT

France: lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain : got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England : got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

SECTION 4 The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart British Policies Anger Colonists • Halt to western expansion upsets colonists • Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling • Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes Problems Resulting from the War • Colonists feel threatened by British troops stationed in colonies • Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt • Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764): - new duties placed on imports - smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court, rather than colonial courts NEXT

SECTION 4 The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Why Was the War Important • France loses its claims in North America • Led to conflicts b/w colonists and English army • War allowed the colonies to see themselves as a common identity • War drives England into debt; leads to abuse of the colonies and Revolution • Led to Pan-Indianism: belief that Indians must unite to fight against continued British encroachment NEXT