The American Colonies Types of Colonies Royal Colonies

The American Colonies

Types of Colonies • Royal Colonies – King chooses a royal governor to run the colony » Example: Massachusetts & Virginia

Types of Colonies • Proprietary Colonies –King gifts land to an individual or group » Examples: Pennsylvania & Maryland

Types of Colonies • Charter – King grants charters to establish colony – Colonies governed themselves » Examples: Connecticut & Rhode Island

Southern Colonies

First Attempts • Roanoke Colony – Sir Walter Raleigh, favorite of Queen Elizabeth I, sent a group of colonists to the island of Roanoke, off the northern coast of North Carolina. – Colonists mysteriously disappeared while John White was away in England.

Virginia (1607) • Jamestown • 1 st permanent settlement mostly males (indentured servants and treasure hunters) • 60/900 colonists survived • Ruled by John Smith • Founded by the Virginia Company – Joint-stock company: organized to raise money by selling stocks/shares to investors – Becomes a royal colony House of Burgesses (1619)-22 representatives called burgesses met to outline laws for the colony

– Maryland (1634) • Founded by George Calvert as an area of religious freedom for Catholics • Was also established for trade, finding precious metals and to locate a water passage across the continent • Proprietary Colony

Maryland Act of Toleration • 1649 • Granted freedom of worship for all Catholics • Symbolic beginning of freedom of religion

– North Carolina (1653) • • • Founded by a group of proprietors: business venture Settlers from Virginia Farming, trade and profit Anglican Becomes a royal colony – South Carolina (1670) • • • Founded by a group of proprietors Settlers from France, England, and Africa Food crops Anglican Proprietary to royal – Georgia (1733) • Founded by General James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors and convicts intended to protect colonies from Spanish and French invasions • Slow economic growth farmed, harvested lumber and traded furs

The Charter of Carolina 1663

Bacon’s Rebellion • Virginia, 1676 • Cause: Small farmers treated unfairly; wealthy landowners paid fewer taxes and received many benefits • Rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon • Failed but resulted in the need for representation in government for the “common man”

New England Colonies

Massachusetts • Pilgrims (Plymouth) (1620) • - led by William Bradford – Separatists • wanted to separate from the Church of England – Mayflower Compact • 41 men drew up the agreement to outline fair and equal laws for the colony; signed on the Mayflower

Massachusetts Puritans • Purify and reform Anglican Church • Massachusetts Bay Colony • Strict religious beliefs; radical • John Winthrop: City upon a Hill

– New Hampshire (1630) • • • John Mason English and Scots-Irish settlers Economic freedom Settled for religious freedom Escape for those constricted by harsh religious and economic rules of the Puritans • Royal Colony

– Rhode Island (1636) • Founded by Roger Williams after being exiled by Puritans in Massachusetts settled in Providence • Religious freedom: most religiously tolerant colony – Connecticut (1636) • Founded by Thomas Hooker after being asked to leave Massachusetts for dissenting with Puritan leaders. • Settled by the Dutch for economic freedom and the English for religious freedom. • Agriculture and trade

Middle Colonies

– New York (1626) • • • Peter Minuit Dutch (Netherlands), taken over by English Trade and profits Anglican Proprietary to royal colony – New Jersey (1660) • Established by Dutch and Swedish but became English. • Land given to friend of the King, Lord Berkely • Proprietary to royal colony – Delaware (1638) • • Peter Minuit Dutch, Swedish and English Farming, trade and profits Proprietary Colony

Pennsylvania (1682) – – William Penn Proprietary Colony Quakers Home to many European Immigrants: Swedish, Dutch, English, Scots-Irish and German - Allowed for religious freedom • Quakers – Equality and all possessed “Inner Light”

Ethnic and Religious Diversity

Discrimination in Massachusetts • Salem Witch Trials (1692 -3): series of trials and hangings of people accused of witchcraft

Discrimination in Massachusetts • Anne Hutchinson: Puritan spiritual advisor that was banished for her criticism of the colony’s ministers. Fled to Rhode Island. • Roger Williams: Banished for speaking out against the Plymouth church and the colony for taking Indian land without buying it. Fled to & founded Rhode Island.

Discrimination • African Americans – Slaves • Native Americans – Pushed off of land by settlers

Religious Tolerance • Roger Williams Providence, Rhode Island • Pennsylvania – English Quakers – German Lutherans – Scotch-Irish Presbyterians – Swiss Mennonites • New York linguistic and cultural diversity – First synagogue (Jewish)

Colonial Economy

Economic Diversity: -South= Agriculture -North = Commerce -Towns and cities develop along water

Economy • Mercantilism: A system where England exploited raw materials produced by the colonies to become rich. – Economic policy – Way for the Mother Country to get rich – Export more than you import, become selfsufficient Effect= Britain creates rules for colonial trade

Southern Economy • John Rolfe and tobacco: Rolfe discovered new ways to cultivate tobacco – Virginia, Maryland, NC • Plantations develop – Need for labor – Indentured servants • Agree to work for landowner for 4 -7 years, then given freedom – slavery

Southern Plantation Systems • Exported cash crops to make money • Creates: (1) Large farms around rivers (2) Need for lots of labor (3) Wealthy class of plantation owners

New England • Commerce • Port cities – Boston • Shipbuilding • Fishing

Immigration to Colonies • Immigrant population increases due to religious freedom and economic opportunities (German, Scotch-Irish, Dutch) • Came in search of prosperity and wealth and to avoid religious persecution • Voluntary and involuntary immigration

Slave Trade • African slave trade flourished by 1700 s • Slaves endured a harsh voyage: Middle Passage • Widespread use in Southern colonies

Slave Trade Ship

Colonial Government • Britain allows the colonies to govern themselves – Salutary neglect: Because Britain was thriving economically in large part due to their exploitation of the colonies, they allowed the colonies to govern themselves. • Colonial legislatures hold the power

Self-Government & the Colonies • Enlightenment (1600 s) • John Locke (1632 -1704) – Two Treatises on Government (1690) • Natural rights: life, liberty, property • These rights can’t morally be taken away by government • Social contract theory – Implied contract between government and citizens – People submit themselves to follow the law for the common good and to cultivate civic virtue – Government fails= replace government

Self-Government & the Colonies • House of Burgesses (1619) • First elected body in New World • Citizens should have a voice • Created laws for the colony of Jamestown • Mayflower Compact (1620) • Document drafted by Pilgrims • Created an elected legislature • Government received power from the people of the colony • Demonstrates desire to be ruled by local government instead of England

Self-Government & the Colonies – Town meetings • Representative government • Local citizens met to discuss and vote on issues • Belief in democratic ideals • Town meetings were more popular in the North because there were more towns there than in the South – Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) • Written body of laws for the colony • Government’s power came only from the “free consent of the people” • Set limits on what government could do