The Cogs of Dissonance Consonance The Levers of

The Cogs of Dissonance & Consonance: The Levers of Control in LDS Doctrine

Luna Lindsey § Born in the Church § 26 years as a true-believing Mormon § 13 Years in computer industry § Fulltime writer of nonfiction & fiction § Wrote a book about LDS control tactics

This happened to my straight and narrow But really, I wasn’t meant to use roads

“Mind Control” “Cult” § Brainwashing § Dogma § Coercive persuasion § Ideological totalism § Thought reform § High-Demand Group § Psychosocial manipulation § “Long-term influence situation” § Spiritual abuse § Traumatic bonding § Behavioral change technology § Compliance-gaining influence

Prominent Authorities § Robert J. Lifton § Leon Festinger § Margaret Thaler Singer § Michael Langone § Philip Zimbardo § Steven Hassan § Madeleine Landau Tobias § Janja Lalich § Robert Cialdini § International Cultic Studies Association (ICSA)

“The totalist milieu maintains an aura of sacredness around its basic dogma, holding it out as an ultimate moral vision for the ordering of human existence. ” – Robert J. Lifton, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism § Ideology must come first § Fills every part of your life; guides decisions § Not just religions – political groups, businesses, LGATs, others § Uses natural tendencies and built-in mental efficiencies § A survival strategy for some organization organisms, aka “memes”

Totalism § Ubiquitous but not universal § Level of totalism varies, even within a single group § Awareness helps defend against totalism “Feeling himself unable to escape from forces more powerful than himself, he subordinates everything to adapting himself to them. He becomes sensitive to all kinds of cues, expert at anticipating environmental pressures, and skillful in riding them in such a way that his psychological energies merge with the tide rather than turn painfully against himself. ” – Robert J. Lifton, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism

Cognitive Dissonance/Consonance § Keeps us from believing impossible things § Allows malicious groups to make us believe and cling to impossible things

VS.

Voltaire “Truly, whoever is able to make you absurd is able to make you unjust. If the God-given understanding of your mind does not resist a demand to believe what is impossible, then you will not resist a demand to do wrong… As soon as one faculty of your soul has been dominated, other faculties will follow. . . And from this derives all those crimes of religion [or totalism] which have overrun the world. ” –Voltaire, Questions sur les miracles (1765)

Cognitive Dissonance/Consonance Theory § Underlying theory of belief retention & resolving cognitive conflicts § We are driven to maintain internal consistency, mental integrity § Developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950 s

The Cogs of Dissonance A cognition is any single unit of: § Idea § Attitude § Emotion § Value § Experience § Commitment § Thought § Memory § Fact § Perception § Concept § Social feedback § Behavior § Goal Behavior Thoughts Emotions

The Cogs of Dissonance Two forces in opposition: § Consonance (The Carrot): § Feels good, “ah-ha!” or preaching to the choir. Can be euphoric. § Rewards for keeping existing beliefs § Dissonance (The Stick): § Confusion, discomfort, uneasiness, anger, hatred, rage § Punishes any challenge to existing beliefs

The Cogs of Dissonance Strategies for restoring consonance: 1. Alter cognitions: 1. New cog – Reject it. 2. Old cog – “I was wrong, ” or, “Fine! Whatever you say. ” 2. Add new cognitions, including: 1. Behaviors 2. Social feedback 3. Alter importance of cognitions: 1. Lower importance of dissonant cogs 2. Increase importance of consonant cogs Festinger, Leon. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press, 1962.

The Cogs of Dissonance § Totalism exploits cognitive dissonance All thought reform techniques can be understood in terms of cognitive dissonance § Can automatically convert dissonance into consonance

The Cogs of Dissonance § Intrusion detection § Preinstalled or self-updating patches to repair attacks § Can lead to “mental gymnastics” or complex Rube Goldberg machine of beliefs Cartoon by Rube Goldberg

The Cogs of Dissonance When Prophecy Fails by Leon Festinger A disconfirming event, like a failed prophecy, will increase fervor and proselytizing Conditions: 1. Cognitions must be deeply held 2. Believer has taken irreversible actions 3. Beliefs must be specific, detailed, related to reality (disprovable) 4. Irrefutable counter-evidence (disconfirmation) occurs 5. Believer must have social ties to other believers

Biases & Other Bogeymen § Confirmation Bias Tendency to only recognize cognitions which cause consonance and dismiss or forget cogs which cause dissonance § Bias Tendency to believe you are uniquely invulnerable to bias § Cialdini’s Six Influence Mechanics: 1. Reciprocation 2. Commitment & Consistency 3. Social Proof 4. Liking 5. Obedience to Authority 6. Scarcity Mentality

Mind Control Techniques: 31 Flavors of Coercion § § § Love Bombing § Thought-Terminating Clichés § § Social Pressure Deception § § Belief Follows Behavior § Sacred Science Mystical Manipulation § Public Commitment § Creating Dependency § Milieu Control § Black & White § Demand for Purity Thinking § Dispensing of Existence § Elitism § Doctrine Over Self § Us-vs-Them Thinking § Loading the Language § Indirect Directives § Totalist Reframing § § Identification & Destabilization Example Emotion Over Intellect Induced Phobias Trance Induction & Dissociative States Time Control Double-Bind Blame Reversal Guilt & Shame Confession Euphoria Induction Proselytizing

Interest via friendship, ideals, promised happiness Create Dependence Destabilize Establish Trust Transmit Doctrine (Indoctrinate) Install Pseudopersonality Fear Shame Euphoria Instill Emotions Isolate Infect Others New Logic Resolves Dissonance in Favor of Group Prevent Leaving

Love and Service Rely on the Lord, Walk in Faith Contrite Spirit, Humility, “Be Ye as a Little Child” Keys to the Priesthood, Openness to the Spirit Perfecting the Saints, A “Mighty Change” Teach Eternal Truths, “Line upon Line” Fear Shame Euphoria “Seek After These Things, ” “Avoid the Appearance of Evil” “Hold to the Rod, ” “Stay by the Tree, ” “Pray, Fast, Scriptures” Wages of Sin, Reprove with Sharpness, The Spirit Preach the Gospel Avoid Apostasy

Sacred Science § Appeals to ideals § Has the answer to everything § Pays lip service to reason, freedom, individualism, hope, peace, love, other mainstream values § Puts the “total” in totalism

Sacred Science 1. Infallible system. The only truth. Universal – Applies to all. 2. Doctrines and leaders are indistinguishable. Leader speaks for God, or uniquely represents scientific laws. 3. Expression of questions, doubts, criticisms not allowed.

Sacred Science “The assumption here is not so much that man can be God, but rather that man's ideas can be God… Science can be combined with an equally absolute body of moral principles… Its appeal lies in its seeming unification of the mystical and the logical modes of experience… it can create an extremely intense feeling of truth. ” –Robert J. Lifton, Thought Reform & The Psychology of Totalism

Scared Science “Yea, every knee shall bow, and every tongue confess before him. Yea, even at the last day, when all men shall stand to be judged of him, then shall they confess that he is God…and they shall quake, and tremble, and shrink beneath the glance of his all-searching eye. ” –Mosiah 27: 31 Book of Mormon

Sacred Science “What I the Lord have spoken, I have spoken, and I excuse not myself; and though the heavens and the earth pass away, my word shall not pass away, but shall be fulfilled, whether by mine own voice or by the voice of my servants, it is the same. ” –D&C 1: 38

Sacred Science “There is no need for you or for me, in this enlightened age when the fullness of the gospel has been restored, to sail uncharted seas or to travel unmarked roads in search of truth… A loving Heavenly Father has plotted our course and provided an unfailing guide—even obedience. A knowledge of truth and the answers to our greatest questions come to us as we are obedient to the commandments of the Lord. ” –Thomas S. Monson, “Obedience Brings Blessings” General Conference, April 2013

Sacred Science “Faith, like science, is based on evidence. It is no more subjective and ignorant of evidence than secular knowledge is objective and unbiased about evidence… Instead of looking away from the facts of the real world, faith is one way, among many others, of looking at the world. "Thus faith need be no less intellectual and well-founded than a scientist's belief about the temporal world, provided the faithful person is pure in heart, [and] is honest and unrationalizing about the evidence he receives…. ” –C. Terry Warner, New Era, 1971

Black & White Thinking “Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. You are either with us, or you are with the terrorists. ” – George W. Bush

Goat & White Thinking

Black & White Thinking § Contributes to the feeling of being right, one of the "good guys". § Isolates from those who think differently. § Closes the mind to influence from outside information. Nuances can be instantly labeled "good" or "evil", rather than processed and fully understood. § Makes direction very simple. Leaders don't need to explain or logically present a case. § Creates a habit of intellectual laziness.

Black & White Thinking "There is no middle road. Our position must be one of strength in order to overcome the evil that Satan would have us do. " –Delbert L. Stapely “Using Our Free Agency, ” Ensign, May 1975

Black & White Thinking “Wherefore, men are free according to the flesh; and call things are given them which are expedient unto man. And they are free to choose liberty and eternal life, through the great Mediator of all men, or to choose captivity and death, according to the captivity and power of the devil; for he seeketh that all men might be miserable like unto himself. ” – 2 Nephi 2: 27 Book of Mormon

Doctrine Over Self § Group Pseudopersonality § Elevates doctrine over the individual § Stifles thoughts & feelings § Resolves all dissonance in favor of the group

Doctrine Over Self "For the natural man is an enemy to God, and has been from the fall of Adam, and will be, forever and ever, unless he yields to the enticings of the Holy Spirit, and putteth off the natural man and becometh a saint through the atonement of Christ the Lord, and becometh as a child, submissive, meek, humble, patient, full of love, willing to submit to all things which the Lord seeth fit to inflict upon him, even as a child doth submit to his father. " –Mosiah 3: 19 Book of Mormon

Doctrine Over Self "I lost my identity. I lost all sense of who I was as an individual with a right to sleep, pleasure, fun, joy. Being a mormon, de-humanized me. I was just a worker-bee, like in that beehive thing they use as their symbol. Rather than rest, I plodded on, just like a good pioneer woman… I was obedient to every rule… There had been so little time over the years, for myself, I had forgotten that I was even there at all. ” –Pam Kazmaier Losing My Mind Bit By Bit

Doctrine Over Self + Dispensing Existence "Beware of the slick package and the glitz of a good time. What the devil portrays as fun can be spiritually fatal. ” –Dallin H. Oaks Be Not Deceived, General Conference, Oct 2004 "Thoughtcrime does not entail death: throughtcrime is death. ” –George Orwell, 1984

Demand for Purity § Demand for perfection § Increasing list of demands takes up large portion of life § Demands must seem achievable but are impossible § Perpetual Inadequacy

Demand for Purity

Perpetual Inadequacy 1. Appeals to a sense of idealism. Makes the group look good. 2. Instills a sense of unquestioning obedience. 3. Purity applies to thought, not just action, so it can literally stifle doubt. 4. Keeps the individual too busy and exhausted to complain or notice flaws in the organization. 5. Provides an explanation for any unfulfilled promises made by the group. 6. Sets the individual up for the traps of blame reversal and the double-bind. 7. Places the member into "endless mode”. There member remains flawed forever and in need of the group for a sense of redemption.

List of LDS Commandments §Attend all meetings §Magnify your calling §Attend the Temple §Get baptized §Get endowed §Wear your garments always §Dress modestly §Maintain a clean appearance §Avoid the appearance of evil §Do not drink alcohol, coffee, or tea §No smoking §Don’t fucking cuss §Do not watch rated-R movies or other inappropriate TV, books, music, or movies §Do not read anti-Mormon material §Keep one year food storage §Grow a garden §Do genealogy §Be honest §Read the scriptures §Pray always §Keep a journal §Read LDS magazines §Do not masturbate §No necking, petting §Do not have sex before marriage §Do not commit adultery §No pr 0 n §Listen only to uplifting §Love your family §Do not work on Sunday §Only do wholesome music §Do not get tattoos or excessive piercings §Go on a mission §Try to convert your friends, co-workers §Avoid unrighteous people and places §Don't go into bars §Have faith §Go home and visiting teaching §Fast §Pay tithing §Pay fast offering §Avoid being alone with members of the opposite sex §Give service to others §Feed the missionaries §Raise up your children the way they should go §Have a large family §Hold Family Home Evening, family prayer, family scripture study §Follow the Prophet §Magnify your talents §Honor your parents activities on Sunday §Volunteer at the canary and orchard §Don't have gender reassignment surgery. §Don't cross dress (not even for theater) §Do not gossip §Do not criticize leaders §Partake of the sacrament §Repent §Do not take the Lord's name in vain §Get married in the Temple §Be sealed to your family §Work hard §Bear your testimony §Seek after things virtuous, lovely, of good report, or praiseworthy §Keep your thoughts clean §Obey the laws of the land §Obey your husband (women) §Be a homemaker (women) §Do not have a career (women) §Never gamble (not even bets with friends) §Do not get an abortion, or support anyone getting an abortion §Do not commit homosexual acts §Bridle your passions §Avoid associating apostates, non-members, exmormons. §Youth: §Extra meetings §Do not dance before 14 §Do not date before 16 §Only group dates until 18, and even then, only with someone you think you might marry §Wear skirts below the knees (women)

Demand for Purity "Nevertheless, there are those among you who have sinned exceedingly; yea, even all of you have sinned; but verily I say unto you, beware from henceforth, and refrain from sin, lest sore judgments fall upon your heads. "For of him unto whom much is given much is required; and he who sins against the greater light shall receive the greater condemnation. " –Doctrine & Covenants 82: 3

Demand for Purity "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. " –Matthew 5: 48 "And we will prove them herewith, to see if they will do all things whatsoever the Lord their God shall command them. " –Abraham 3: 25

Demand for Purity "…every sin is against God, for it tends to frustrate the program and purposes of the Almighty. Likewise, every sin is committed against the sinner, for it limits his progress and curtails his development. In our journey toward eternal life, purity must be our constant aim. To walk and talk with God, to serve with God, to follow his example and become as a god, we must attain perfection. In his presence there can be no guile, no wickedness, no transgression. ” –Spencer W. Kimball, The Miracle of Forgiveness

Demand for Purity “The results…suggest that there is a culture of perfectionism…related to depression found at UVU… Aspects of perfectionism found included internally imposed standards, externally imposed standards and a high need for organization and competency. In addition, a person’s perception of their spirituality or religious beliefs and experiences also played a role. ” – “Depression Study by UVU Professors Yields Insights on Cultural Impacts. ” UVU Press Releases.

Blame Reversal § Lofty promises made via sacred science & mystical manipulation § Failure could cause dissonance, so… § …failed accomplishments & unhappiness are your fault § Reinforces the illusion of choice § Motivates you to work harder § Leads to double-bind & shame

Blame Reversal "A woman wrote to me a short time ago with a great sense of frustration. She indicated that she had been defeated or had failed in most of what she had tried to do. She then asked, 'What does God expect of me? ’" –Gordon B. Hinckley ‘If Thou Art Faithful, ’ General Conference, Oct 1984 "Every dispensation of the gospel since the beginning of time has come to a close, not because God has failed, but because man has failed God by the improper use of his free agency. ” –Delbert L. Stapley “Using Our Free Agency, ” Ensign, 1975

Shame Brenè Brown: "Shame is a focus on self; guilt is a focus on behavior. Shame is I am bad, guilt is I did something bad. ” –Listening to Shame, TED, 2012 "Shame is really easily understood as the fear of disconnection. Is there something about me, that if other people know it or see it, that [means] I won't be worthy of connection? "’ –The Power of Vulnerability, TEDx, 2010

Shame § We feel alone § Leaves us feeling unacceptable/unlovable § We hide our true thoughts/feelings

Shame Leads to: § self-loathing § lashing out Social Feedback Selfloathing § addiction § self-destructive behavior § depression Bad behavior § suicide Shame becomes a self-perpetuating cycle. These feelings & behaviors lead to more shame.

Shame § Totalist groups encourage shame § Destabilizes the self for manipulation § Keeps focus on blame on the self § Distracts negative attention away from the group

Shame is Torture

Shame "Humans have a fundamental need to belong. Just as we have needs for food and water, we also have needs for positive and lasting relationships. ” –Kirsten Weir, The Pain of Social Rejection APA Monitor on Psychology, April 2012

Shame § “Hate the sin, love the sinner” § Unconditional Love = Acceptance for who you are, not in spite of it § Demand for Purity + Blame Reversal = Shame Unworthy Worthy Sacred Pure Perfect vs. Unclean Carnal Selfish

Is Control Intrinsic to LDS Identity? § Emphasize healthy doctrines § Healthier interpretations of doctrine § Top-down “commandments” drown out the Spirit… § …vs. bottom-up inspiration, allowing everyone access to her own spiritual guidance § Religion should serve man, not the other way around

Top-down Totalism Bottom-up Inspiration Thou Shalt! Needs of the Flock Commandment-centered Choice-centered

Jung “If you do not acknowledge your yearning, then you do not follow yourself, but go on foreign ways that others have indicated for you. So you do not live your life but an alien one… –Carl Jung, The Red Book

Unrighteous Dominion "We have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion. "Hence many are called, but few are chosen. "No power or influence can or ought to be maintained by virtue of the priesthood, only by persuasion, by long-suffering, by gentleness and meekness, and by love unfeigned. " –D&C 121: 39 -41

luna@lunalindsey. com www. recoveringagency. com Twitter: @lunalindsey Come up for slide handouts & bibliography Further Reading § Recovering Agency: Lifting the Veil of Mormon Mind Control by Luna Lindsey § Captive Hearts, Captive Minds by Madeline Tobias & Janja Lalich § Recovery from Cults ed. Michael Langone § Thought Reform & the Psychology of Totalism by Robert J. Lifton § Releasing the Bonds by Steven Hassan

Cogs of Dissonance: The Levers of Control in LDS Doctrine Bibliography “List of Cognitive Biases. ” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, July Lindsey, Luna Flesher. “The BITE Model and Mormon Control. ” Singer, Margaret Thaler, and Richard Ofshe. “Thought Reform 23, 2013. Festinger, Leon and James M. Carlsmith. “Cognitive Consequences Rational Revelation. Accessed December 22, 2013. Programs and the Production of Psychiatric Casualties. ” Psychiatric http: //en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=List_of_cognitive_biases of Forced Compliance. ” Journal of Abnormal and Social http: //www. rationalrevelation. com/library/bite. html. Annals 20, no. 4 (April 1990). &oldid=565406166. Psychology no. 58 (1959): 203– 210. http: //www. nwrain. net/~refocus/mental. html. Madsen, Candice. “Utah at Center of ‘Suicide Belt’; Youth Suicide The Holy Bible, King James Version (LDS Edition). Church of Jesus Festinger, Leon. When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Rate Troubling. ” KSL. com, April 25, 2013. Smith, Joseph. Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ of LDS, n. d. Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the http: //www. ksl. com/? nid=148&sid=24937434. Christ; Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of World. Harper & Row, 1964. Latter-Day Saints; Pearl of Great Price. Salt Lake City, UT: “Depression Study by UVU Professors Yields Insights on Cultural Mc. Conkie, Bruce R. “The Mystery of Mormonism, ” 1979. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2004. Impacts. ” UVU Press Releases. Accessed November 8, 2013. Hassan, Steven. Combatting Cult Mind Control. Rochester, Vt. : https: //www. lds. org/general-conference/1979/10/the-mystery-ofhttp: //blogs. uvu. edu/newsroom/2010/10/14/depression-study-by- Park Street Press, 1990. mormonism? lang=eng&l=fb. Stapley, Elder Delbert L. “Using Our Free Agency. ” Ensign, May uvu-professors-yields-insights-on-cultural-impacts/. 1975. http: //www. lds. org/ensign/1975/05/using-our-free. Hassan, Steven. Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think Mc. Cormick, Mary Maaga. “Jonestown ‘Suicide Tape Transcript, ’” agency? lang=eng&l=fb. “Understanding Mormon Disbelief: Why Do Some Mormons Lose for Themselves. 1 st ed. Somerville, MA: Freedom of Mind Press, November 18, 1978. Their Testimony, and What Happens to Them When They Do? , ” 2000. http: //employees. oneonta. edu/downinll/mass_suicide. htm. Stevens, Michael J. “Passive-Aggression among the Latter-Day March 2012. http: //www. whymormonsquestion. org/wp. Saints. ” Sunstone Magazine no. 170 (April 2013). content/uploads/2012/05/Survey-Results_Understanding-Mormon- Hinckley, Gordon B. “‘If Thou Art Faithful, ’” 1984. Monson, Thomas S. “Obedience Brings Blessings, ” 2013. https: //www. sunstonemagazine. com/passive-aggression-among-the. Disbelief-Mar 20121. pdf. http: //www. lds. org/general-conference/2013/04/obedience-brings- latter-day-saints/. https: //www. lds. org/general-conference/1984/10/if-thou-artblessings? lang=eng&l=fb. faithful? lang=eng&l=fb. Beck, Martha Nibley. Leaving the Saints: How I Lost the Mormons Stricker, Marion. The Pattern of The Double-Bind in Mormonism. and Found My Faith. 1 st ed. New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. Janis, Irving L. , and Bert T. King. “The Influence of Role Playing Orwell, George. 1984: A Novel. New York, N. Y. : Signet Classic, Universal Publishers, 2000. http: //exmormon. org/pattern/. 1984. on Opinion Change. ” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Brown, Brenè. Defining Shame. Connection: A Psychoeducational Psychology 49, no. 2 (1954): 211– 218. doi: 10. 1037/h 0056957. Tobias, Madeleine Landau, and Janja Lalich. Captive Hearts, Shame Resilience Curriculum, 2007. http: //vimeo. com/4620966. Parker, Natasha Helfer. “My Official Stance on Masturbation. ” The Captive Minds: Freedom and Recovery from Cults and Abusive Pam Kazmaier. “Losing My Mind, Bit by Bit, ” August 13, 2005. Mormon Therapist, August 6, 2012. Relationships. Alameda, CA: Hunter House, 1994. Brown, Brenè. Listening to Shame. TED, 2012. http: //www. lifeaftermormonism. net/profiles/blogs/this-is-the-most- http: //www. patheos. com/blogs/mormontherapist/2012/08/myhttp: //www. ted. com/talks/brene_brown_listening_to_shame. html. powerful-story-i-ve-yet-read-of-how-the-church. official-stance-on-masturbation. html. Warner, C. Terry. “An Open Letter to Students: On Having Faith and Thinking for Yourself. ” New Era, November 1971. Brown, Brenè. The Power of Vulnerability. TEDx, 2010. Kimball, Spencer W. The Miracle of Forgiveness. Salt Lake City: Paul, Pamela. “Is Rejection Painful? Actually, It Is: Studied. ” The https: //www. lds. org/new-era/1971/11/an-open-letter-to-students-onhttp: //www. ted. com/talks/brene_brown_on_vulnerability. html. New York Times, May 13, 2011, sec. Fashion & Style. Bookcraft, 1969. having-faith-and-thinking-for-yourself? lang=eng. http: //www. nytimes. com/2011/05/15/fashion/is-rejection-painful. Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: Science and Practice. Boston: Kross, Ethan, Marc G. Berman, Walter Mischel, Edward E. Smith, actually-it-is-studied. html. Watson, Blair. “The Psychological Effects of Mormonism: How Pearson Education, 2009. and Tor D. Wager. “Social Rejection Shares Somatosensory Mormonism Affects People’s Self-Esteem. ” Information about How Representations with Physical Pain. ” Accessed February 4, 2014. Ponder, Kent, Ph. D. “Mormon Women, Prozac and Therapy” Mormonism Affects People Psychologically. , 2008. Doty, Kristine J. Ph. D. , LCSW. “Cultural Considerations for Social http: //www. pnas. org. (2003). http: //packham. n 4 m. org/prozac. htm. http: //members. shaw. ca/blair_watson/. Work with Mormon Women Diagnosed with Depression (In the Culture But Not of the Culture). ” presented at the Mental Health Kunda, Ziva. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning. ” Psychological Schein, Edgar H. Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-Psychological Weir, Kirsten. “The Pain of Social Rejection. ” APA Monitor on Symposium, Utah Valley University, January 31, 2013. Analysis of the “Brainwashing” of American Civilian Prisoners by Psychology no. Vol 43, No. 4 (April 2012): 50. Bulletin 108, no. 3 (November 1990): 480– 498. the Chinese Communists. W. W. Norton & Company, 1971. Gardiner, Ed Ph. D. “Shame and the Destruction of Agency, ” Lalich, Janja Ph. D. , and Michael D. Langone, Ph. D. “Cults 101: Welner, Michael, M. D. “New Research Reveals Secrets About August 21, 2003. Oakes, Dallin H. “Be Not Deceived, ” 2004. Checklist of Cult Characteristics. ” Accessed October 7, 2013. Psychology of Polygamous Sects and Their Leaders. ” ABC News, http: //web. archive. org/web/20030821013451/http: //www. posthttp: //www. lds. org/general-conference/2004/10/be-nothttp: //www. csj. org/infoserv_cult 101/checklis. htm. March 1, 2010. http: //abcnews. go. com/Nightline/The. Law/researchmormons. com/shame. htm. deceived? lang=eng&l=fb. reveals-secrets-psychology-polygamous-sects. Langone, Michael D, ed. Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of leaders/story? id=9955379. Goldhammer, John D. Under the Influence. Prometheus Books, Psychological and Spiritual Abuse. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995. Singer, Margaret Thaler. Cults in Our Midst. 1 st ed. San Francisco: 1996. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995. Welner, Michael, M. D. The Forensic Panel - U. S. vs. Brian David Lifton, Robert J. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Mitchell, June 16, 2009. Festinger, Leon. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford Singer, Margaret. “Group Psychodynamics and CULTS. ” Merck Study of Brainwashing in China. W W Norton & Co Inc, 1961. University Press, 1962. http: //www. rickross. com/reference/brainwashing 19. ht Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Fifteenth Edition (1987). Voltaire. Miracles and Idolatry, 1765. http: //www. lermanet 2. com/scientologynews/merck-singer. htm. ml. http: //en. wikiquote. org/wiki/Voltaire. Slides Copyright 2015 Luna Flesher Lindsey