Rights and Licence Metadata making DRM happen A

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Rights and Licence Metadata – making DRM happen A presentation for the IDF Members

Rights and Licence Metadata – making DRM happen A presentation for the IDF Members Meeting Bologna, 14 June 2005 Mark Bide, Rightscom © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

What is “Digital Rights Management”? ► A technology for stopping people accessing digital content?

What is “Digital Rights Management”? ► A technology for stopping people accessing digital content? ► A set of technologies for the expression and implementation of policies, designed to facilitate and manage access to digital content ► Structured rights and licensing metadata for managing information about policies ► Communication protocols, for communicating this information between people and machines – and critically between machines and machines ► Technology to manage access and use in accordance with policies ► Structured usage metadata – and protocols for communicating that information Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

In other words…. ►…. DRM may not be what you think it is ►

In other words…. ►…. DRM may not be what you think it is ► A technology for stopping people accessing digital content? Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

METADATA not APPLICATIONS ► Applications change ► Metadata is “for ever” – if you

METADATA not APPLICATIONS ► Applications change ► Metadata is “for ever” – if you get it right! ► Semantic and syntactic standards are central to effective machine interpretation ► Machines don’t deal with ambiguity very well ► It’s all about persistent, unambiguous identity ► Of stuff, of people/organisations, and of the policies themselves Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

POLICIES not RIGHTS ► “Intellectual property” is only one basis on which policies for

POLICIES not RIGHTS ► “Intellectual property” is only one basis on which policies for access and use are established ► Privacy & confidentiality may be more significant in the development of a trusted network computing environment ► A generic issue – but one which requires specialisation in particular environments Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Case Study: ONIX for Licensing. Terms The development of a messaging standard for communication

Case Study: ONIX for Licensing. Terms The development of a messaging standard for communication of key licence term information within the academic library supply chain – publishers, intermediaries, library users © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Why is there a requirement now? ► Growth of digital collections in libraries ►

Why is there a requirement now? ► Growth of digital collections in libraries ► Cannot be managed as “exceptions” any longer ► Variation in licence terms ► What are library users permitted to do? > Under what conditions? > Which classes of library users are permitted to do what? > What exceptions are there to what they are permitted to do? ► How can libraries comply with licence terms in the absence of systematic support? ► How can users even know what the licence terms are? Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

What is required? ► A standard mechanism for the communication of unambiguous licensing information

What is required? ► A standard mechanism for the communication of unambiguous licensing information within the “library supply chain” ► Libraries ► Content and transaction management intermediaries ► Publishers ► To form part of the ONIX family of standards (EDIt. EUR) ► Initial “proof of concept” project undertaken by Rightscom ► Sponsored by JISC and PLS Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

What is not required ► A “rights expression language” ► We have Xr. ML

What is not required ► A “rights expression language” ► We have Xr. ML (ISO/IEC 21000 -5) and ODRL ► These are declarative programming languages ► Controlling “rights enforcement technologies” – what we usually call DRM ► Require substantial functionality beyond simply communicating information ► The ONIX focus is entirely on communication (rights metadata), not enforcement ► It is about communicating licence terms – not the law Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Taking an ontological approach to the problem Thing should be as simple as possible…

Taking an ontological approach to the problem Thing should be as simple as possible… but no simpler (Einstein) Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Adopting a generic structure: the terms of a Licence are a group of Events

Adopting a generic structure: the terms of a Licence are a group of Events Licensing Event Permits (MAY) Prohibits (MUST NOT) Requires (MUST) 1 -n Usage Has Exception 0 -n Usage Has Condition 0 -n Payment Activity Report This structure allows for whatever level of flexibility or granularity may be required now or in the future. etc Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

What’s in an event? WHO WHAT Act WHEN WHERE Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF

What’s in an event? WHO WHAT Act WHEN WHERE Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

The context model Party Resource Act Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members

The context model Party Resource Act Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Chains of events… Party Resource Act Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members

Chains of events… Party Resource Act Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages The main event in Licensing is a Usage Party Resource Use Time Place

Usages The main event in Licensing is a Usage Party Resource Use Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Allowed values Usages Party <Party. Role> (1 -n) Time Resource Use Place 10 basic

Allowed values Usages Party <Party. Role> (1 -n) Time Resource Use Place 10 basic uses Search Acquire Access Possess Include Record Derive Provide Relate Destroy Each of these uses has different specialized “children” Copy e. Copy. Part Adapt. Text Translate Transform etc You can go as far as you like with verbs… Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Ano ther. Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess” …but better to keep the verb simple and look at the other variables in the event. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

A “simpler” model? ►Example drawn from a non-ontologically based approach: ►Complex element: Permission >

A “simpler” model? ►Example drawn from a non-ontologically based approach: ►Complex element: Permission > Permitted Use: ILL > Constraint: Record-keeping required Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Why not take the simple route? Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time

Why not take the simple route? Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” This is too many variables. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide.

Usages Party <Use. Type> ILL Resource Use Act Time <Condition> Record Keeping Place “Provide. Limited. Number. Of. Print. Or. Digital. Copies. For. Authorized. User. Of. Another Library. In. The. Same. Country. To. Access. And. Possess. For. Non. Commercial. Use” With 8 variables – if each has just one alternative – there are 256 possible variations on “Inter. Library. Loan”. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usages 1 Verb 1 Party 1 Resource Party Resource Use Time Place Rights and

Usages 1 Verb 1 Party 1 Resource Party Resource Use Time Place Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 3 3 2 2 1 1 Resource Clause from a model

Inter. Library. Loan_1 3 3 2 2 1 1 Resource Clause from a model contract Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being Place part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or Time electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] Party Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {P 1}Academic. Library 3 3 2 2 1 1 Resource Party

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {P 1}Academic. Library 3 3 2 2 1 1 Resource Party Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place Time Party [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {P 1}Academic. Library Resource Party Resource {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {P 1}Academic. Library Resource Party Resource {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 1}Provide Place Time Party [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R 1} Party Resource {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 1}Provide Time Party [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R 1} Party Resource {P 1}Provide Place {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 2} Access, Possess Time Party {P 2} [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R 1} Party Resource {P 1}Provide Place {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 2} Access, Purpose> Possess Non. Commercial. Use Time Party {P 2} [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R 1} Party Resource {P 1}Provide Place {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 2} Access, Purpose> Possess Non. Commercial. Use Time Party {P 2}Auth. Use. Of. Library{P 3} Party {P 2} {P 3}Academic. Library [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R

Inter. Library. Loan_1 {R 1}Digital. Resource {P 1}Academic. Library Resource {R 2}Part. Copy. Of{R 1} Party Resource {P 1}Has. Place Of. Premises{L 1} Place {P 1}Provide {R 2}Digital. Resource, Printed Resource 3 3 2 2 1 1 Verbs Parties Resources Usages Purpose Place {U 2} Access, Purpose> Possess Non. Commercial. Use {L 1}Country Time {P 3}Has. Place Of. Premises{L 1} Party {P 2}Auth. Use. Of. Library{P 3} Party {P 2} {P 3}Academic. Library [The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee}a copy of Rights and Licence Metadata; Members Meeting Bologna June or 2005 an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax. IDF or electronic transmission via the Internet otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use. ] © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Usage: other examples <Used. Resource> (1 -n) <Usage. Party> (1 -n) Party <Party. Role>

Usage: other examples <Used. Resource> (1 -n) <Usage. Party> (1 -n) Party <Party. Role> (1 -n) Resource <Tool> (0 -n) <Medium> (0 -n) <Other. Resource> (0 -n) Use Act Time <Usage. Time> (0 -n) <Exception> (0 -n) <Condition> (0 -n) <Chained. Usage> (0 -n) Place <Usage. Place> (0 -n) Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements ► Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements (including Licensor obligations) are just

Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements ► Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements (including Licensor obligations) are just other kinds of events which can be modelled in just the same way as Usages ► Elements and structures are implemented in the Message to support all combinations of “And, Or and Not” operations Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Benefits of an ontology of allowed values Non. Commercial. Use └─Educational. Use └─Teaching └─Academic.

Benefits of an ontology of allowed values Non. Commercial. Use └─Educational. Use └─Teaching └─Academic. Research Party └─Academic. Study └─Personal. Use └─Personal. Study └─etc Research └─Academic. Research Place └─Scientific. Research └─Commercial. Research └─etc Commercial. Use └─Commercial. Research └─etc An ontology can support the substitution of parent/child values (and other relationships) to ensure that complex conditions are complied with. Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Advantages of taking this approach to EDIt. EUR ► The structure of the Message

Advantages of taking this approach to EDIt. EUR ► The structure of the Message is wholly generic: all that needs to change to enable it to encompass other media types and domains is the allowed values ► Life is not going to get simpler in the licensing of content to libraries. A rich and flexible model and message is essential to solve today’s problems and tomorrow’s Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Generic lessons that can be learned from the EDIt. EUR project – and what

Generic lessons that can be learned from the EDIt. EUR project – and what might this mean for the DOI community? © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Generic lessons ► You cannot enforce policies unless you can first communicate them ►

Generic lessons ► You cannot enforce policies unless you can first communicate them ► Rights metadata is more important than “DRM” in many contexts ► Standardisation of rights metadata, anticipated for over a decade, is now becoming a reality ► It isn’t only EDIt. EUR – MI 3 P and MPEG-21 have also been developing related standards ► Advantages of a generic, ontology-based structure, specialised for particular communities ► Flexibility, extensibility ► Meeting specific community needs requires active community engagement Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

A potential role for the DOI? ► The management of licences requires a comprehensive

A potential role for the DOI? ► The management of licences requires a comprehensive identity model… ► …of licensed Resources… ► …of Parties to Licences… ► …and of the Licences themselves ► An “actionable” persistent identifier could be particularly useful in managing the very complex and challenging many-to-many relationships which are inherent in licence management Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005 © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved

Rights and Licence Metadata – making DRM happen Thank you mark. bide@rightscom. com www.

Rights and Licence Metadata – making DRM happen Thank you mark. bide@rightscom. com www. rightscom. com © 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved