Reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Result of meiosis

Reproduction

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Result of meiosis Result of mitosis Genetically unique offspring Genetically Identical offspring Requires two parents One parent Creates genetic variety No genetic variety

Asexual Reproduction Type Description Budding When a clone of the organism develops on the side of it then breaks off when fully devleoped Binary Fission A single cell is replicated and splits itself

form a zygote Zygote A growing cell that is the result of the gametes coming together

causes strep throat in humans. Which of these is the type of reproduction used by Binary fission. Streptococcus? a. b. Meiosis c. Crossing-over d. Budding

Cholera bacteria perform binary fission to a. Reproduce asexually b. Digest food rapidly c. Regulate temperature d. Increase body size

Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization: a. b. c. d. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete

A student observes a unicellular organism under a microscope. After a while, the organism begins to split into two cells, as shown in the diagram. Which of these best describes the process a. binary fission shown in the diagram? b. Meiosis c. Osmosis d. sexual reproduction

from each other and from their parents. These genetic differences are the result of: a. Mitosis b. Cloning c. Sexual reproduction d. Asexual reproduction

What is formed when a male gamete combines with a female gamete? a. b. c. d. Zygote Egg Sperm Chromosome

reproduction in which adult plants grown directly from egg cells. Which of these does not Mitosis occur during apomixes? a. b. Translation c. Fertilization d. Transcription

10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Homologous Chromosomes • Pairs of the same chromosome

Crossing Over • Process by which alleles on homologous chromosomes are exchanged creating genetically unique combinations of genes

Diploid Cells (2 n) • Cells with two sets of chromosomes (homologous), body cells

Haploid Cells • Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete

Sex Cells/Gametes • Haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes ( egg and sperm cells)

Somatic/Body Cells • Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells ( ex: skin, muscle cells)

Mitosis Meiosis Purpose: To create genetically identical cells for the purpose of cell growth and repair To create genetically unique sex cells and reduce number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction Types of Cells Involved: Body Cells Sex Cells Beginning of Process: Diploid or Haploid Diploid End of Process: Diploid or Haploid Diploid Haploid Cells at End: Genetically Identical or Unique Genetically Identical Genetically Unique Does crossing over occur: No Yes

Two homologous chromosomes Unique combinations of genes created and thus passed During meiosis, whenare homologous pair onto offspring come together (one from mother and one from father), portions/genes are exchanged

Each body cell in an earthworm contains 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each a. 18 of its gametes? b. 36 c. 54 d. 72

Which of these represents the number of chromosomes in cells before and after the a. n n process of meiosis? b. n 2 n c. 2 n n d. 2 n

After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is fertilized, how many chromosomes will be present a. 8 in the zygote? b. 16 c. 32 d. 64

A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the moth’s a. 66 wing cells? b. 112 c. 224 d. 448

Reproductive cells are produced during: a. b. c. d. Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization Budding

Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization? a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete

Some coral cells undergo meiosis. Which of these would not occur during meiosis? a. Formation of a zygote b. Chromosomes crossing-over c. Production of gametes d. Reduction in the number of chromosomes

Which of these does not occur during meiosis? a. Production of identical gametes b. Production of new gene combinations c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half

each body cell. If a horse cell undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes should be in each a. 16 gamete? b. 32 c. 64 d. 128

meiosis when a pair of chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of these represents the sex chromosomes of a male organism when this type of chromosomal a. XXY mutation has occurred? b. XX c. XY d. XXX

11. DNA vs. RNA

Nitrogen Bases Sugar Phosphate Group Nucleotide

DNA: Double Stranded (double helix) Thymine Deoxyribose Stores genetic info RNA: Both: Single Stranded Nucleic Acids Uracil Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Ribose Involved in protein synthesis

Type of RNA Purpose Location m. RNA Transcribes DNA triplets and transports it to ribosome Nucleus Cytoplasm t. RNA r. RNA Translates m. RNA’s codons and Cytoplasm/Ri affixes amino acids bosome Makes up the structural component of ribosomes Ribosomes

Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA TTC GCA. What do the G and A represent in the DNA a. Sugars sequence? b. Amino acids c. Phosphates d. Nitrogen bases

Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecules? a. Fatty acids b. Nucleotides c. Amino acids d. Chromosomes

Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA?

Which of the following is correctly matched with its function? a. b. c. d. r. RNA – contains codes to make new riobsomes DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes t. RNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes m. RNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes

a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to a. A ribosome the cytoplasm. b. DNA c. RNA d. An amino acid

Which of these is a nucleotide: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1 Which of these b. 2 c. 3 is a sugar: d. 4

What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell? a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosome d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

12. Genetics

Term What it Means Genotype Dominant Trait A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles present A Recessive A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is present a Homozygous A genotype in which alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or recessive AA or aa Heterozygous A genotype in which alleles are different Aa

Phenotype: • The physical expression of ones genotype

Genotype • The combination of alleles and genes

Cross Aa versus Aa: A a A AA Aa aa Genotype: AA: Aa: aa, 1: 2: 1, 25%: 50%: 25% Phenotype: n/a

A cross between a tall plant (TT) and another tall plant T t Genotype: TT: Tt, 1: 1, 50%: 50% Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100% T TT Tt

dominant person with Brown Eyes (B) and a homozygous recessive person with blue eyes (b): b b Genotype: Bb, 1, 100% Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100% B Bb Bb

the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait for having a second toe that is shorter than the big toe (t) is recessive. A family has eight children. Six children have second toes that are longer than the big toe. Two children have second toes that are shorter than the big toe. What are the most likely A. Tt and Tt genotypes of the parents? B. Tt and tt C. TT and tt D. TT and TT

In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant; the allele for short stems (l) is recessive. The scientists crossed a heterozygous, long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed plant. Which of these shows the expected results of this cross? a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed plants b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed plants c. 100% long stemmed plants d. 100% short stemmed plants

four hundred offspring produced were tall pea plants. Which of these explains these The allele for tall pea plants is dominant The offspring are results? homozygous dominant a. b. c. The allele for short pea plants is dominant d. The offspring inherited a new mutation

The allele for not having dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children. Which of these is the predicted ratio of the children with dimples to the children without dimples? a. 1: 0 b. 1: 1 c. 1: 3 d. 3: 1

In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has attached earlobes. What is the probability that this couple’s child will have unattached earlobes? a. b. c. d. 25% 50% 75% 100%

The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is recessive. A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their parents’ genotypes can only produce children with freckles. Which of these are most likely the genotypes of the two parents? a. Ff and ff b. FF and ff c. Ff and Ff d. ff and ff

In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of parents can produce offspring with curly hair? a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a homozygous female with straight hair c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a heterozygous female with straight hair d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair

Which of these combinations results in the expression of a recessive trait? a. b. c. d. Two dominant alleles A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome Two recessive alleles A dominant allele and a recessive allele

In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes and a male with short eyelashes have a child. What is the probability that their offspring will have short eyelashes? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data is shown below: a. b. c. d. Whatrr are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies? RR and Rr rr and rr RR and Rr

the approximate ratio of red eyed offspring to brown eyed offspring? a. 1: 1 b. 2: 1 c. 3: 1 d. 4: 1

(b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as shown in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from the cross. What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown a. 0% fur? b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

Which of these describes the phenotypes of the parent guinea pigs? a. b. c. d. Both parents have black fur Both parents have brown fur One parent has black fur, and the other brown fur One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur, and the other has black fur

crossed to obtain offspring. Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the a. Aa. Bb. Cc male gamete are Abc b. AABBCC c. aabbcc d. AABb. Cc

brown hair (BB). The other parent is heterozygous for brown (Bb). What is the probability that the offspring will have brown hair? a. 100% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25%

13. Protein Synthesis

Code Location Triplet DNA Codon m. RNA Anti-Codon t. RNA

Molecule Role Location DNA Store the genetic code nucleus m. RNA “transcribe” the genetic code Nucleus/cytop lasm t. RNA “translate” the genetic code and carrying and bond amino acids together ribosome r. RNA Form ribosomes and bind together amino acids Ribosome Enzymes Split open the DNA so it can be copied Nucleus Amino acids Bind together to form proteins Cytoplasm

Amino Acid Protein t. RNA Ribosomes m. RNA

DNA m. RNA Transcription Amino Acids protein t. RNA Translation m. RNA Ribosome

DNA m. RNA t. RNA A U A C G C T A U G C G A U A T A U C G C T A U

Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA sequence AGCTAC-ACT? a. b. c. d. UCG-AUG-UGA UCG-UAC-ACU TCG-ATG-TGA AGC-UAC-ACU

According to the diagram, in a. I which step is b. II messenger RNA c. III being d. IV constructed?

Which step a. I b. II involves c. III transfer RNA? d. IV

Which step a. I b. II involves c. III ribosomes? d. IV

blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following segment: TGC-GGA-CTC Which of these is the messenger RNA a. ACG-CCT-GAA code for this segment of DNA? b. TCC-GGT-CTC c. ACG-CCU-GAG d. UGC-GGA-CUC

Which of the following is correctly matched with its function? a. b. c. d. r. RNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes t. RNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes m. RNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes

Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related? a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes

Which of the following is the complementary m. RNA sequence produced from the UAC-CGG-AGU strand of DNA? ACU-GAA-CGA a. b. c. AGU-UCC-UAC d. AUG-GCC-UCA

a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this A ribosome information to the cytoplasm? a. b. DNA c. RNA d. An amino acid

Structure 2 in the a. Ribosome diagram b. Mitochondria c. represents Protein a: d. Chloroplasts

The process in a. Nucleus the diagram b. Cytoplasm c. Vacuole occurs in the d. Chromosome

Structure 1 is a. Vacuole produced in b. Cytoplasm what part of c. Mitochondria d. Nucleus the cell?

the strands are shown below: Original Strand: ATT CAG New Strand: UAA GUC gene. This splicing new strand will most likely be DNA synthesis used for: a. b. c. Crossing-over d. Protein Synthesis

What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell? a. b. c. d. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes

Mutations

Mutation • A mutation is a change in the gene sequence in the DNA and is passed on through generations

Caused by: a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied properly b) Chromosomes do not completely separate during meiosis c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed on

may result in a base pair substitution. Which of these terms describes the change in a) Cloning base pair sequence? b) Meiosis c) Mutation d) Translation

Which of these describes a mutation that can be inherited? a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

gene. Parents of individuals with the disorder have only normal copies of the gene. Which of these most likely Mitosis caused this disorder? a) b) Gene splicing c) Mutation d) Natural Selection

Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of genetic material a. b. c. d. An enzyme substrate A mutation A feedback loop An adaptation

strand. It is replaced by an abnormal molecule (T*) in the new strand. The abnormal molecule a. Anto adaptation binds guanine instead of binding b. Protein synthesis toc. adenine. A mutation This is an example of: d. Binary fission