Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual

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Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods

Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods Internal fertilization Diversity in offspring External fertilization Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Conjugation Budding Asexual 1 parent Advantages Disadvantages Requires a mate to reproduce Population increases are limited Can increase populations rapidly Lack of diversity in offspring Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Spores Fission

 • Definitions: - Diversity in offspring > def. – Diversity - the relative

• Definitions: - Diversity in offspring > def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each individual in the population - offspring less likely to have mutations show up > def. – Mutation – changes in DNA

~ Body Plans ~ • Animals that are irregular in shape or have no

~ Body Plans ~ • Animals that are irregular in shape or have no shape are asymmetrical. • Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

~ Body Plans ~ • An animal has radial symmetry if it can be

~ Body Plans ~ • An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. (like a pizza) • An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. (like humans)

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

~Invertebrates~ • 8 main phyla • No backbones • 95% of all animals are

~Invertebrates~ • 8 main phyla • No backbones • 95% of all animals are in this group

Invertebrates Type of Invertebrate Porifera Major Characteristics Platyhelminthes Type of Reproduction -Simplest animals -can

Invertebrates Type of Invertebrate Porifera Major Characteristics Platyhelminthes Type of Reproduction -Simplest animals -can regenerate body parts -has no symmetry Cnidaria Examples -2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) -Have tentacles -have stinging cells called nematocyst -Can regenerate -most are parasites -have flat ribbon like bodies -Bilateral symmetry Sponges Asexual Jellyfish Asexual Hydra Planaria ** Flukes Flatworms Sexual or Asexual

Major Characteristics Examples Type of Invertebrate Nematoda Mollusca Annelida -round, tubular bodies Roundworms -Most

Major Characteristics Examples Type of Invertebrate Nematoda Mollusca Annelida -round, tubular bodies Roundworms -Most are parasites Pinworms -have both a mouth and Hook anus -Bilateral symmetry Worms -Broad Muscular foot -Layer of tissue called mantle -Have hard shells and soft bodies -Live on land in the water Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods Snails Slugs Clams Oysters Squids Octopuses -Segmented worms -Body divided into segments(sections) -Live in water or underground Segmented worms Earthworm Bristle Worms Leeches Type of Reproduction Sexual(majority) Asexual

Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Echinodermata Major Characteristics Endoskeleton covered with spines Examples Starfish

Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Echinodermata Major Characteristics Endoskeleton covered with spines Examples Starfish Sea Urchins Sand Dollar Type of Reproduction Asexual

Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics -Jointed Legs -Segmented Anthropods body parts -Exoskeleton

Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics -Jointed Legs -Segmented Anthropods body parts -Exoskeleton -Head and welldeveloped brain Examples Centipedes Millipedes Type of Reproduction Sexual Crustaceans Sexual Arachnids Sexual Insects Sexual

Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video)

Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video)

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ • Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ • Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

Cnidarians – 2 basic body shapes – Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp

Cnidarians – 2 basic body shapes – Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) - Reproduction: Asexual

Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods

Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods Internal fertilization Diversity in offspring External fertilization Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Conjugation Budding Asexual 1 parent Advantages Disadvantages Requires a mate to reproduce Population increases are limited Can increase populations rapidly Lack of diversity in offspring Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Spores Fission

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ § 2 different shapes § Medusa - like a jellyfish §

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ § 2 different shapes § Medusa - like a jellyfish § Polyp - like a hydra

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Platyhelminthes • Can regenerate • some are parasites Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms Reproduction: Sexual

Platyhelminthes • Can regenerate • some are parasites Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Planaria § eyespots detect light § food and

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Planaria § eyespots detect light § food and waste go in and out the same opening

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Tapeworm § Parasite that lives in intestines of

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Tapeworm § Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Fluke § parasite § lives inside of host

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ § Examples: Fluke § parasite § lives inside of host

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ § 2 different shapes § Medusa - like a jellyfish §

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ § 2 different shapes § Medusa - like a jellyfish § Polyp - like a hydra

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Nematodes • Most are parasites • Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms • Reproduction: Sexual

Nematodes • Most are parasites • Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms • Reproduction: Sexual

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella

Nematodes

Nematodes

Mollusks Broad Muscular foot - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells -

Mollusks Broad Muscular foot - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells - Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods - Gills - Examples: Complex ganglia, Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses - Reproduction: SEXUAL -

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda – snails and slugs – may have 1

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda – snails and slugs – may have 1 shell – stomach-footed move on stomach

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella

Annelids • Closed Circulatory System • Skin • Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches •

Annelids • Closed Circulatory System • Skin • Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches • Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class Earthworms • eat soil and breakdown organic matter,

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class Earthworms • eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ » Class bristleworms

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ » Class bristleworms

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class leeches • parasites that feed on blood of

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class leeches • parasites that feed on blood of other animals

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves – 2 shells hinged together – clams, oysters,

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves – 2 shells hinged together – clams, oysters, scallops and mussels

Echinoderms • Endoskeleton • covered with spines • use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen

Echinoderms • Endoskeleton • covered with spines • use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen • Examples: starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar • Reproduction: Asexual

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ • Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ • Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton -- Head and well-developed

Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton -- Head and well-developed brain - Reproduction: SEXUAL

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda • Class Pycnogonida – Sea spider

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda • Class Pycnogonida – Sea spider

~Chordata (Vertebrates)~ • 1 main phylum • Have backbones, and once had a notochord

~Chordata (Vertebrates)~ • 1 main phylum • Have backbones, and once had a notochord • 5% of all animals are in this phylum 5 classes • Fish • Mammals • Reptiles • Amphibians • Birds

Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization

ATOMS • Smallest part of matter • NON-living

ATOMS • Smallest part of matter • NON-living

Molecules • 2 or more bonded atoms • Form compounds • NON-living

Molecules • 2 or more bonded atoms • Form compounds • NON-living

Macromolecule • Very large molecules • Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids • NON-living

Macromolecule • Very large molecules • Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids • NON-living

Organelles • “Tiny organs” • Made of macromolecules

Organelles • “Tiny organs” • Made of macromolecules

Cell • Made of organelles • Basic unit of structure & function • LIVING

Cell • Made of organelles • Basic unit of structure & function • LIVING

Tissue • The same kind cell working together • Living

Tissue • The same kind cell working together • Living

Organs • Tissues that work together • Living

Organs • Tissues that work together • Living

Systems • Organs that work together • Living

Systems • Organs that work together • Living

Organism • Entire living things (organisms) • Usually made of systems • May be

Organism • Entire living things (organisms) • Usually made of systems • May be a single cell • Living

Population • Same type of organism living together

Population • Same type of organism living together

Community • Several populations living together • Population interact

Community • Several populations living together • Population interact

Ecosystem • A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

Ecosystem • A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

Biome • Similar ecosystems on earth together

Biome • Similar ecosystems on earth together

Biosphere • Whole living layer around the globe • Includes abiotic features http: //people.

Biosphere • Whole living layer around the globe • Includes abiotic features http: //people. hofstra. edu/geotrans/eng/ch 8 en/conc 8 en/envisys. html

Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Review • What are Invertebrates? • Animals without a backbone • What is difference

Review • What are Invertebrates? • Animals without a backbone • What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? • Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t • What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? • Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations • What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? • Population increases are limited/requires mate

Review Cont’d • What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? • Increases population rapidly/no

Review Cont’d • What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? • Increases population rapidly/no mate needed • What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? • Reproduce offspring identical to parents • No diversity • Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)? • both

The End.

The End.