RENAISSANCE REFORMATION 1350 1600 POLITICAL CONTEXT Italian Renaissance

RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION (1350 – 1600)

POLITICAL CONTEXT • Italian Renaissance • Urban society • Recovery & Revival • Individualism • Italian City-States • MILAN • Visconti Family • Centralized state – efficient tax system • VENICE • Global trade – international power • Officially a republic, but truly ruled by small group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats • FLORENCE • Similar political situation as Venice • 1434 – Cosimo de’Medici • Powerful family ran government from behind the scenes • Economic decline & Church condemnaton = civilian unrest = Medici family rescinded power • 1498 – Savonarola accused of heresy & sentenced to death • Medici family returns to power

POLITICAL CONTEXT • The Italian Wars • Attractiveness to other European nations • 1494 – 1527 • France v. Spain in Italy • 1527 – Rome sacked by Spanish, becomes dominant force in Italy • Machiavelli on Power • Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince • How to acquire & keep political power • Rejection of medieval notion of Christian principles & morality in politics • Prince acts on behalf of the state • “do good when possible but evil when necessary”

SOCIAL CONTEXT • The Nobility • By 1500, Nobles again dominate society • 2 -3% of population • Characteristics of perfect noble: 1. Born, not made, with grace, character, & talent 2. Warrior w/ classical education & interest in the arts 3. Standards of conduct v Serve prince in effective & honest way • Peasants & Townspeople • By 1500, majority of peasants are free • Townspeople: • Patricians • Burghers • Workers • Unemployed v Urban poverty increased dramatically • Family & Marriage • Arranged marriages – “dowry” • Father-husband = center of Italian family = absolute authority • Children become adults only when father formally frees them

INTELLECTUAL CHARACTERISTICS The Renaissance Man Well-rounded: intellectual, artistic, athletic • HUMANISM • Petrarch • forgotten manuscripts • Classical Latin • Classic philosphers & artists • 1400 s Humanists • Active life & state service • VERNACULAR • Dante – The Divine Comedy • Chaucer – the Cantebury Tales • Christine de Pizan – The Book of the City of Ladies

INTELLECTUAL CHARACTERISTICS • EDUCATION • Secularism • Liberal arts • Path of virtue & wisdom • Communication skills to convince others to join them • Physical education • Create complete citizens (not just great scholars) • Prepare aristocrats for leadership • Women participation rare • Arts & history, not math or rhetoric • Religion & morals = good wives & mothers

ART http: //www. history. com/topics/renaissance-art/videos - the-renaissance CLASSICISM SECULARISM HUMANISM INDIVIDUALISM

ART CLASSICISM

ART SECULARISM

ART INDIVIDUALISM

ART HUMANISM

RENAISSANCE OR NOT? USE THE PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED ARTISTIC THEMES/CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICISM, SECULARISM, HUMANISM, & INDIVIDUALISM TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER

RENAISSANCE! JAN VAN EYCK, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, 1434. *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

RENAISSANCE! “The Chess Players” Liberale da Verona, 1445 -1527 *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

NOT RENAISSANCE! Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. Circa 600 AD *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

REANAISSANCE! The Spring (La Primavera) by Sandro Botticelli, 1477/82 *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

NOT RENAISSANCE unknown artist from Carolingian Empire, circa 800 -900 AD *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

RENAISSANCE! Piero della Francesca: Federigo da Montefeltro & Battista Sforza (1472) *Classicism, Secularism, Humanism, & Individualism*

THE REFORMATION (1517 – 1648)

PRELUDE TO REFORMATION CHRISTIAN HUMANISM In order to change Society, must first change human beings • Desiderius Erasmus o “Philosophy of Christ” o 1509 - The Praise of Folly o “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched” NEED FOR REFORM • Corruption o Church leaders o Indulgences

Imagine if… Frontier Regional is in the process of being renovated. In order to help finance this endeavor, the Principal has enforced a new school policy in regards to attendance & achievement : 1. Students can donate $25 in lieu of attendance on any given day 2. Students can donate $50 in exchange for an A on a test, or $100 for an A in a course • How would this make you feel? • How does this align with the traditional system of effort & merit you have been brought up with? v Write a sentence defending 1 argument against this new practice

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Martin Luther & The 95 Theses 1. When our Lord and Master, Jesus Christ, said "Repent", He called forand the concern entire lifefor ofthe believers bewith one the of repentance Out of love truth, to and object of. eliciting it, the following heads will be the subject of a public 2. The word cannot be properly understood as referring to the discussion at Wittenberg under the presidency of the reverend sacrament of Luther, penance, i. e. confession and satisfaction, father, Martin Augustinian, Master of Arts andas. Sacred administered the appointed clergy. Theology, andbyduly Lecturer on these subjects in that place. He requests that whoever cannot be present CENTRAL IDEA: personally to debate the matter orally will do so in absence in God intended believers to seek repentance and writing. that faith alone, and not deeds, would lead to salvation.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION • LUTHERANISM • Martin Luther • Germany, 1517 • CALVIINISM • John Calvin • Switzerland, 1541 • THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND • Henry VIII, 1534 • England • THE COUNTER REFORMATION • The Council of Trent • Catholic Church, 1545 LUTHERANISM CALVINISM ENGLISH REFORMATION

JOHANNES GUTENBERG, 1439 THE PRINTING PRESS

Gutenberg's printing press On the back of your Renaissance art sheet please write a few sentences addressing the following: Why is Gutenberg’s printing press considered So important to the success of the Reformation? Do you think the Reformation would have succeeded without it?

THE REFORMATION’S LEGACY RELGIOUS & POLITICAL FREEDOMS • War & Rebellions • Bloodshed CULTURAL & INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL • Education • The Arts