Unit 1 RENAISSANCE REFORMATION THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Renaissance

Unit 1 RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION

THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE � Renaissance= “Rebirth” � 1350 -1550 � Changes in Politics, Economics, Society, Religion � Renaissance will eventually spread throughout Europe

THE ITALIAN STATES � Milan � Lead by the Sforza Family � Citizens taxed heavily � Venice � Trading hub in Europe � Florence � Ruled by the Medici Family � Hub of the Renaissance

THE MEDICIS � Powerful banking family from Florence � Took control during a economic crisis in Florence � Would rule Florence through the end of the Renaissance

THE MEDICIS (CONT. ) Cosimo de’ Medici Lorenzo de’ Medici

DISCUSSION QUESTION #1 � Why do you think that the Medicis had such as easy time taking power in Florence during the Renaissance?

THE PRINCE � Book written by Niccolo Machiavelli � Written to show to obtain and keep political power � Also showed rulers how to act � “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit. ”

MACHIAVELLI

HUMANISM � Based on the study of the classics (Greece & Rome) � Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history � People should develop their own talents through many activities: politics, sports, & arts � Petrarch called the father of humanism � Began the search forgotten manuscripts to study. Others followed.

ARCHITECTURE � Most famous architect was Brunelleschi � Best known for the dome � Completed the Cathedral of Florence � Considered to be one of the greatest engineering feats of all time

CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS � Leonardo da Vinci � Mona Lisa � The Last Supper � Michelangelo � David � Donatello � St. Mark � Raphael � School of Athens

LEONARDO DA VINCI � Known as the “Renaissance Man” � Painter, sculptor, scientist, inventor � Inventions included flying machines and parachutes � Sketches included anatomically correct human diagrams

DISCUSSION QUESTION #2 � Why do you think that Leonardo da Vinci played such an important role in the Renaissance? Why do we still study him today?

MICHELANGELO � Best known for his statue of David � Commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel

THOMAS MOORE � Criticized the society of Europe during the Renaissance � He compared it to an idealistic society where people were prosperous and equal called a Utopia

DISCUSSION QUESTION #3 � Why is the idea of a “utopia” an impossible idea?

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION � 1500 -1600? � Martin � b. Luther 1483 German Monk � Nearly struck by lightning, thought this was God’s way of punishing him. This begins his extreme devotion to his religion. � Believed in “justification by faith”= person could be made good simply by faith in God’s mercy and love

MARTIN LUTHER (1483 -1546)

INDULGENCES � Indulgences= pardon sold by Catholic Church to reduce one’s punishment of sins � Basically a “get out of jail free card” � Sold by Pope Leo X to get money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica � “Once you hear the money’s ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring. ” * � Purgatory= place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven

DISCUSSION QUESTION #4 � Why was the selling of indulgences such a problem to the people of Europe?

POPE LEO X Medici Pope � Son of Lorenzo d’ Medici � Appointed Cardinal at age 13 � Pictured with Guilio d’ Medici and Luigi d’ Rossi * �

95 THESES � October 31 st, 1517 � Martin Luther nails the 95 theses (statements criticizing the sale of indulgences) � Copies spread throughout Germany � Sales of indulgences fell

95 THESES

EXCOMMUNICATION � Luther was excommunicated in 1521 by Pope Leo X � Definition= the process of depriving a person to the rights of church membership � Simply= “removal from the church”

LUTHERAN BIBLE � After excommunication, Luther translated the Bible into German. This provided a low cost, easily accessible version of the Bible to the people of Germany.

JOHN CALVIN

CALVIN’S RULES � No Dancing! � Austerity=the act of being simple or unadorned (i. e. lack of jewelry, etc) � Study the Bible! � Public Confessions

ANABAPTISTS � Initiated the practice of Baptizing � Began burning books, seized private property, practiced polygamy (literally=many loves) � Catholics and Lutherans joined forces and crushed the Anabaptists

EXECUTION OF THE ANABAPTISTS Bed of Spikes->

KING HENRY VIII King of England during the 1500’s � Married to Catherine of Aragon (Present day France) � Asked pope for divorce, due to the lack of male heir. Believed that new wife would produce son � Pope refused due to the fact that Catherine’s nephew was Holy Roman Emperor � Removes the Catholic Church as official Church of England joins Protestant church �

DISCUSSION QUESTION #5 � How did Henry VIII promote the spread of Protestantism in England?

KING HENRY VIII

ANNE BOLEYN � Woman that Henry wanted to marry after the divorce of Catherine � This was unsuccessful, Anne had a girl � Henry had her head cut off so he could marry his next wives (4 more in total)

CATHERINE & ANNE

THE COUNTER REFORMATION � Because of the growing strength of the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church agreed that some change was necessary � 1530 -1563 � Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent to rework the principles of the church

POPE PAUL III

COUNCIL OF TRENT � Forbid the sale of indulgences � Established the “seminary”- schools set up by the Catholic church to educate the clergy � Catholic Latin version of the Bible the only true version

COUNCIL OF TRENT

AFTER THE COUNCIL � Catholic Church revitalized � Church began to commission art � Better educated clergy strengthened church

CATHOLIC REFORMATION ART � Baroque= ornate, dramatic artistic style developed in Europe in the 1550’s � Expressed effects emotion, complexity, and dramatic

BAROQUE ART

PEACE OF AUGSBURG � 1555 - Holy Roman Emperor Charles V realized that he could not stop the spread of Protestantism and signed the Peace of Augsburg � Stated that each prince could legally choose the religion of his subjects. This divided Europe between the Protestant North and the Catholic South

CHARLES V

THE END