Q 1 What is popular culture Refers to

Q 1 • What is popular culture?

• Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short -lived products of no lasting value

Q 2 • What is folk culture?

• Refers to the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of ordinary people

Q 3 • What is a subculture?

• Is a smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of society which is in some ways different from the main culture but with many aspects in common. Examples include CHAVS etc

Q 4 • What are the four different types of identity?

• Individual or personal identity • Social identity • Collective identity • Multiple identity

Q 5 • What is a stigmatised identity?

• Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society

Q 6 • What is primary socialisation?

• Refers to the taught values and norms of society which construct a individual’s identity and is carried out by family members such as parents

Q 7 • What is secondary socialisation?

• Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions

Q 8 • What is global culture?

• Refers to the way cultures in different societies in different countries of the world have been increasingly alike

Q 9 • Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation

• The education system • Peer group • Workplace • The mass media • Religious institutions

Q 10 • What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity?

• Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process

Q 11 • What are structural approaches?

• Structural approaches see identities as formed by the wider social forces making up the structure of society.

Q 12 • Identify three structural approaches

• Functionalism, feminism & Marxism

Q 13 • What are social action approaches?

• Social action approaches see individuals having control over the formation of their identities, rather than identities being formed by the social structures

Q 14 • How does Mead see the identities of individuals?

• Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life.

Q 15 • What did Goffman mean by ‘impression management’?

Goffman argues people try to project a particular impressions of themselves. They do this by putting on dramatic performances or ‘shows’ in order to influence or manipulate the way others see them.

Q 16 • Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches

• Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience • Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money;

Q 17 • What is structuration?

• Structuration sees the social structure and society’s culture making it possible for individuals to form their identities. It recognises that while identities are partly formed by individual choice, that choice is limited by the social structure and the culture in which people live.

Q 18 • What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’?

• Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes

Q 19 • What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

• Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class

Q 20 • Identify one key aspect of the new working-class

Q 20 • Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community • Work is for making money not friends or identity • No loyalty to their class • Women more likely to be in paid employment

Q 21 • What type of approach is Cooley’s? • What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’? • 1 mark for each point

Answer • Social action approach • The ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others

Question • What type of approach is feminism? • What might feminists argue shapes our identities? • 1 mark for each point

Answer • Structural • Our identities are shaped by wider social forces such as socialisation which then form our identities. Consequently the individual has little control over how their identities are formed

Question • What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices? • 2 marks

Answer • Habitus

Question • According to Bourdieu which has the greater cultural capital, low or high culture? And which social group tends to have it? • 1 mark for each point

Answer • High culture • Dominant or ruling-class

Question • Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class. 1. What are future time orientation and deferred gratification? 2. Which of the two social-class identified in the question have the above?

Answer • Planning for the future • Putting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains • Middle-class

Question • Which social-class has the following: 1. Men are seen as breadwinners, women mainly housewives 2. Getting a job with a skill and earning money, far more important than education and qualifications 3. A strong commitment to old Labour Party

Answer • Traditional working class

Question • Define gender identity and provide one example

Answer • Refers to how people see themselves and how others see them in terms of their gender roles and biological sex

Question • In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover?

Answer • She found from studying tribe in New Guinea that masculine and feminine characteristics are not based on biological differences but are a reflection of cultural conditioning within different societies. Therefore these differences are seen to be socially constructed.

Question • What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’?

Answer • Hegemonic identity is one that is so dominant that it makes if difficult for individuals to assert different identities

Question • What does the statement ‘the social construction of hegemonic gender identities through primary socialization

Answer • This means parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of typical characteristics of boys and girls which are used as norms when socialising their children

Question • While keeping the last question and answer in mind, what are the four process Oakley identified are evident during primary socialisation?

Answer • Manipulation • Canalization • Verbal appellations • Differential activity exposure

Question • What do you understand by the term new man?

• Is a man who is seen to be more caring, sharing, gentle, emotional etc

Question • Provide two examples of qualitative data

Answer • Participant and sometimes nonparticipant observations • Informal (unstructured) interviews • Open-ended questionnaires • Personal accounts like diaries & letters

Question • What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer • Is where the presence of a researcher affects the behaviour of those groups/individuals being observed

Question • What is the survey population is social research?

Answer • Is the whole group being studied

Question • What is a sample in social research?

Answer • A sample is a smaller representative group drawn from the sample population

Question • What is a quota sample?

Answer • Where people are selected who fit in a certain category, for example a social researcher might want to study people over the age of 45

• What is validity in social research?

• Where a true or accurate picture is created about something from the acquired data