Overview of the Clemson WEC David A Ladner

Overview of the Clemson WEC David A. Ladner Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences Representing the 43 WEC fellows http: //www. clemson. edu/ces/ladnergroup/WEC. pptx

Water-Energy Nexus Energy for Water (e. g. , desalination, wastewater treatment) Water Energy Water for Energy (e. g. , cooling water, oil extraction) 2

About the WEC v Multidisciplinary group of faculty assembled to address a global challenge: water-energy nexus v Broad perspective on sustainability to include the environmental impact of both water and energy systems v Established within a framework of existing research centers and institutes at Clemson University Vision: to promote global recognition of Clemson University as being at the forefront of research addressing the water-energy nexus. Mission: to contribute research leading to technology innovations in water systems with a minimization of energy and carbon footprints as well as energy systems with a minimization of water and carbon footprints Strategic Goal: to serve as a vehicle for attracting government and industry supported research. 3

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Research Themes Theme 1 Theme 2 Innovative, energy-efficient water/wastewater purification processes and systems Improved water efficiency of energy resource development and production processes and systems Theme 3 Theme 4 Theme 5 Material science in water and energy processes and systems Water and energy informatics, sensors, monitoring, and modeling Water and energy management, policy, and economics Cross-Cutting Theme Technology demonstration and transfer Cross-Cutting Theme Education and Mentoring 6

Theme 1 Innovative, energy-efficient water/wastewater purification processes and systems Grand Challenge: Energy neutral water/wastewater purification Decrease the energy required for water/wastewater treatment Drive water/wastewater treatment processes with renewable or waste energy Generate energy while treating water/wastewater (ties with Theme 2) v Water – Lakes and rivers – Brackish waters – Seawater v Wastewater – Municipal wastewater – Industrial wastewater (wide variety) • e. g. Fracking/produced waters Both municipal and industrial use (e. g. drinking and process water) Water reuse and resource recovery are goals In other words, ALL water and treatment types are within our purview. 7

Project Examples Energy Sources v Solar (AC or DC) v Wind v Tidal v Waste heat from power production v Salinity gradients Creative coupling of energy sources with treatment techniques. Water/Wastewater Treatment Techniques v v v Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Membrane bioreactors Membrane distillation Engineered osmosis Activated algae Catalysis Multi-stage flash distillation Sorbents Hybrid processes

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Theme 2 Improved water efficiency of energy resource development, and production processes and systems Focus: Reductions in water use/footprint in all aspects of electrical power generation. Thermoelectric power generation is an important motivating example. Domestic, 1% Irrigation, 37% Public Supply, 13% U. S. Freshwater Withdrawals (USGS/NREL) Thermoelectric, 41% Livestock, 1% Aquaculture, 3% Mining, 1% Industrial, 5% 11

Project Examples v Recapture of evaporated water from cooling towers using atmospheric condensation v Surface modification of porous materials with polymer layers for improved cooling of water in cooling towers v Efficient atomization of water for evaporative cooling in cooling towers v Reduced water use in mining and natural gas development (e. g. fracking) v Use of saline and impaired water for power plant cooling v Energy production from salinity gradients via pressureretarded osmosis (i. Stock. Photo)

Theme 3 Material science in water and energy processes and systems Project examples v New materials for capacitive desalination v New membranes for engineered osmosis v Computational design of foulingresistant water purification membranes v Ceramic and magnetic nanoparticle materials for removal of trace organics, e. g. , pharmaceuticals, from water v Deployable wet-responsive materials for removing heavy metals v Fibrous materials for reuse of water and recycling 13

Theme 4 Water and energy informatics, sensors, monitoring, and modeling v Big data and data mining v Sensors and remote sensing v Monitoring (real time, strategies) v Geographic information systems (GIS) v Modeling v Decision support systems (DSS) v Smart water and grid systems (including distributed systems) Example: The Intelligent River® Research Enterprise 14

Foundations for Innovation SOURCES: Some images used on this slide were retrieved from public websites and media outlets. Their use is believed to be covered under fair use copyright provisions.

Theme 5 Water and energy management, policy, and economics v. Water and energy management and policy v. Economics including CAPEX versus OPEX tradeoffs, and carbon tax implications v. Societal issues (stakeholders) including communications v. Water and energy security v. Regulatory/compliance issues v. Urbanization, renewal of aging infrastructure, and climate change as technology drivers v. Regional versus global applicability of potential technologies 16

Water Desalination and Salinity Gradient Energy Processes Process Driving Force Potential Niches Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) (Applied) Pressure Seawater Desalination Forward Osmosis (FO) Osmotic Pressure Desalination, Produced Water Treatment Membrane Distillation (MD) Thermal Gradient Desalination, Produced Water Treatment Electrodialysis (ED) Brackish Water Desalination Electrical Gradient Pressure Retarded Osmosis Salinity (PRO) Gradient SWRO Brine Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) SWRO Brine Salinity Gradient

CIWES Research Themes

Industrial Affiliates Program v Member Recruiting is Ongoing – Engineering consulting firms – Public and private sector utilities – Manufacturers/companies v Each IAP member have a representative on the Industrial Affiliates Board (IAB) v Annual meeting with WEC to provide input on research v WEC can respond quickly to the research needs of individual 19 IAP members

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Who to Contact Gary Amy WEC Coordinator Email: gamy David Ladner Theme 1 Leader Email: ladner Innovative energy-efficient water/ wastewater purification processes and systems Scott Husson Theme 3 Leader Email: shusson Material science in water and energy processes and systems Jason Hallstrom Theme 4 Leader Email: jasonoh Water and energy informatics, sensors, monitoring, and modeling John Saylor Theme 2 Leader Email: jsaylor Improved water efficiency of energy resource development, and production processes and systems Jeffrey Allen Theme 5 Leader Email: jsallen Water and energy management, policy, and economics 21