Organic Molecules Macromolecules Pages 42 55 Macromolecules Organic
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Organic Molecules (Macromolecules) Pages 42 -55
Macromolecules �Organic molecules; they all contain carbon �Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) �Lipids (fats) �Proteins �Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA/ATP-ADP)
CARBOHYDRATES �Carbohydrates �Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen �Building blocks of carbohydrates: � Monosaccharides—simple sugars (glucose, galactose) � Disaccharides—two simple sugars (lactose, sucrose) � Polysaccharides—long chains of linked simple sugars (starch, glycogen) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LIPIDS �Lipids �Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen � Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen �Most abundant in the body include: � Triglycerides: stored energy � Phospholipids: components of cell membranes � Steroids: structural components of: � Hormones (adrenal gland) � vitamin D synthesis � cell membranes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
PROTEINS �Comprise about 50% of the body’s dry weight �Hydrogen bonds are an essential part of protein structure �Allow intramollecular bonding of the same protein �Multiple functions including: �A role in cell function �Acting as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies �Building blocks are amino acids � We can sufficiently synthesize 10 of the 20 � The rest of the a. a. need to be consumed in diet� “essential amino acids” © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
NUCLEIC ACIDS- DNA and RNA �DNA/RNA: The cell’s genetic material �DNA resides w/in the nucleus and stays there � Hydrogen bonds secure both strands of DNA �m. RNA/t. RNA are created through protein synthesis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – ATP/ADP �ATP/ADP: The cell’s energy currency �Hydrolysis reaction breaks bonds in phosphates to release energy � ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) �ADP is “re-energized” using consumed food and O 2 � Cellular respiration �ATP is stored and used depending upon availability of glucose and oxygen �Three metabolic pathways use/produce it
Figure 2. 23 a Three examples of how ATP drives cellular work. A ATP Pi P ADP B A B Pi (a) Chemical work. ATP provides the energy needed to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions.
Figure 2. 23 b Three examples of how ATP drives cellular work. Solute ADP ATP Pi Membrane protein P Pi (b) Transport work. ATP drives the transport of certain solutes (amino acids, for example) across cell membranes.
Figure 2. 23 c Three examples of how ATP drives cellular work. ADP ATP Relaxed smooth Contracted smooth muscle cell Pi (c) Mechanical work. ATP activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that the cells can shorten and perform mechanical work.
