ORGANIC MOLECULES Macromoleculeslarge molecules Organic Molecules l Found

ORGANIC MOLECULES -Macromolecules(=large molecules)

Organic Molecules l Found in all living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) l Usually contain Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O) l EX: Human liver contains 80% water, 12% protein, 5% fats, 2% nucleic acids, 1% carbohydrates

1. CARBOHYDRATES l l Smallest of all organic molecules Have a ring shape Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrates will always have 2 x as many H atoms as C & O l (Ratio = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)

CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides or ‘Simple’ Sugars (e. g. glucose, fructose, ribose) Disaccharides or ‘Double’ Sugars (e. g. sucrose, maltose, lactose) Polysaccharides or ‘Many’ Sugars (e. g. starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose) C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 Giant molecules!

CARBOHYDRATES l Immediate source of energy l Account for 1% of body weight l Most carbs taste sweet l Sugars usually end in “-ose” (ex: glucose, lactose, fructose)

2. LIPIDS l l Next largest of organic molecules Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen l No set formula l Contain two parts: glycerol head (hydrophilic =water loving) and fatty acid tail (hydrophobic = water hating) G L Y C E R O L FATTY ACID

LIPIDS OILS (e. g. olive oil) FATS (e. g. animal fat) WAXES (e. g. beeswax) STEROIDS (e. g. cholesterol, progesterone)

LIPIDS l Stored source of energy l Provide 6 x as much energy as carbohydrates l Cushion & insulate l Forms membranes l Non-polar molecule = will not dissolve in water

3. PROTEINS l Next largest of the organic molecules l l Made of amino acids l l Ex: hemoglobin = C 3032 H 4816 O 872 N 780 S 8 Fe 4 Ex: lysine, cysteine, tryptophan Up to 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in tons of ways

PROTEINS l l l Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form proteins Peptide bonds are broken by digestive enzymes into individual amino acids 12 amino acids synthesized by body – other 8 must be obtained from diet

PROTEINS l Cell structure and recognition l Main component in hair/nails (keratin) l Body regulation through hormones & enzymes l Energy source – last resort after carbohydrates and lipids l Enzymes end in “-ase” (lactase) Proteins end in “-in” (insulin) l

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS l Largest organic molecule l l Ex: deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Include C, H, O, N, P Ribose

NUCLEIC ACIDS l Function in heredity, control of cell functions, and making proteins l l DNA found only in nucleus RNA found in nucleus, ribosomes, and other cell organelles such as mitochondria