Nutrition Through the Life Cycle Course Code and

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle Course Code and Symbol: FNU-324 Course Instructors: Dr. Hala Khattab and Dr. Manal Mansoury College: Home Economics Department: Food and Nutrition

Childhood nutrition 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

§ Toddlers (1 -3 Y). § Preschool-age children (3 -5 Y). § Middle childhood (5 - 10 Y). § Preadolescence (9 -11 Y for girls) and (10 -12 Y for boys) 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

• During the toddler and preschool age, children continue develop adding many new skills rapidly with time. • Characteristics of this stage of development include a rapid increase in fine motor skills, autonomy, with subsequent increases in independence, exploration of the environment and language skills, and expanding their ability to control behavior. Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Importance of good nutrition • Adequate and balance diet, especially breakfast, play an important role in reach the full potential growth, development and health. As well as improved academic performance. • Under-nutrition impairs children’s cognitive development and their ability to explore their environments. • With increasing independence, children begin to eat more meals and snacks away from home and need to be ready to make good food choices. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Monitoring child’s physical growth § Growth rate slows thereafter (1 Y) than in infancy but steady until the adolescent growth spurt § Recumbent length of toddlers should be measured on a length board with a fixed head board and moveable foot board. On average, toddlers gain 0. 23 kg/M and 1 cm of height/M, while preschoolers gain 2 kg and 7 cm / Y. § Children should be weighed and measured without shoes and in lightweight clothing. § Periodic monitoring of growth is important to identify any deviations in the child’s growth pattern. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

§ It is important that both weight and height be plotted on the appropriate growth charts, which are gender specific and are available for birth to 36 months and for 2 to 20 years. § There is overlap between the two sets of growth charts for children between 24 -36 months of age. If the child’s recumbent length is measured, then the birth-36 -month growth chart is the appropriate one to use. If the child over 2 years of age is measured standing, the 220 year old growth chart Dr/is. Halathe correct choice. 1/25/2022 Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Development of feeding skills in childhood • Weaning time is variable and depends on both child and mother. • Between 12 -18 M toddlers are able to move the tongue from side to side and to chew food with rotary. • Between 18 to 24 M, toddlers are able to use the tongue to clean the lips. Now they can handle meats, raw fruits and vegetables, and multiple textures of food. • Increasing fine and visual motor coordination skills allow them to use cups and spoons more effectively. • It is important that parents and caretakers keep disturbance, such as TV, to a minimum during mealtimes, and allow their toddlers to practice self-feeding skills and to experience new foods and textures. • Children should always be seated for all meals and snacks, depending on 1/25/2022 their age in a high chair or booster seat, chair with the family. Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Feeding behaviors Appetite and food intake • Toddlers need toddler-sized portions. They have a natural ability to selfregulate food intake. It is better to give the child a small portion and allow him to ask for more than to serve large portions. • Parents and caretakers need to provide children nutritious foods. • snacks are vital to meet the child’s nutritional needs. • Foods that cause choking should be modified to make them safer, such as cutting grapes in half • It is important that children not be allowed throughout the day on sweetened beverages and foods as cookies and chips, which can limited their appetite for basic foods at meal and snack times. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Energy requirement § The formula for Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for children ages 13– 35 M is: = (89 x weight [kg] – 100) + 20 (K. cal for energy deposition). § Beginning at age 3, the DRI equations for EER are based on a child’s gender, age, height, weight, body size, and physical activity level. § Total energy needs increase slightly with age, but energy needs/ kg b. w actually decline gradually. § Physically active children of any age need more energy because they expend more, and inactive children can become obese even when they eat less food than the average. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Protein • The DRIs for protein for the toddler/preschool age groups are: 1. 1 g/kg/day or 13 g/day from 1 -3 years 0. 95 g/kg/d or 19 /day from 4 -13 years old girls and boys. • With adequate energy intake, protein is spared for tissue repair and growth rather than for energy. • Ingestion of high quality protein, as milk and other animal products, lowers the amount of total protein needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids. • Like energy needs, total protein needs increase slightly with age, but when the child’s body weight is considered, the protein requirement actually declines slightly. • They can meet this recommendation by consuming diets that follow the My Pyramid recommendations 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Fat and fatty acids • It is recommended that a fat energy intake 30 to 40 % of energy for children 1 to 3 Y, and 25 to 35% for children 4 to 18 Y, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. • Children who eat low-fat diets, however, tend to have low intakes of some vitamins and minerals. • Beans, lean meats, and poultry added as appropriate for the child. • Foods high in fat (especially those high in saturated fat and trans fatty acids) and sugar, such as candy, cookies, and cakes, should be limited 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & D/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Fiber § Many health effects of fiber intake have been identified, including prevention of chronic disease in adulthood, such as heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, and hypertension. § Increase dietary fiber is achieve by increasing the amount of fresh fruits and vegetables and whole grain breads and cereals. Vitamins and minerals DRIs increase with age; a balanced diet of nutritious foods can meet children’s needs for these nutrients, with the notable exception of iron. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Iron § Adequate intake of iron is important. § The inclusion of iron-rich foods, such as meats, fortified breakfast cereals in children’s diets is important. § A good vit C source, as orange juice, will enhance iron absorption. Calcium § Adequate calcium intake is necessary to achieve peak bone formation, which may prevent osteoporosis later in life. § 800 mg for (4 -8 Y) and 1300 mg for children (9 -18 Y). § Higher recommendation for older children reflects the fact that most bone formation occurs during puberty 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Vitamin and mineral supplements § Eating a diet of a variety of foods is the preferred way to get needed nutrients because foods contain many other substances, such as phytochemicals, in addition to nutrients that benefit health. § It recommends supplementation for children who: ØAre at high risk of developing or have one or more nutrient deficiencies as children with anorexia or poor appetite and poor eating habits, consume a “fad diet”. ØWho consume a vegetarian diet without dairy products. If given to children, vitamin and mineral supplement doses should not exceed the DRI for age. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Common nutrition problems Iron-deficiency anemia: §A rapid growth rate coupled with inadequate intake of dietary iron increase the risk for iron deficiency. § It is not as common a problem in middle childhood as it is in the toddler § Iron carrying oxygen in the blood and transports oxygen within cells, which use it for energy metabolism. Also it used to make neurotransmitters, that regulate the ability to pay attention, which is crucial to learning, therefore deficiency impairs mental performance. § It is often diagnosed by CBC profiles. To preventing iron deficiency: It is recommended that children 1 to 5 Y drink no more than 24 ounces of cow’s milk, goat’s milk, or soy milk each day because of the low iron content of these milks. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Dental caries • 1 in 5 (2 -4 Y) and 1 in 2 (6 -8 Y) children has decay in the primary or permanent teeth. • The primary cause is habitual use of a bottle with fruit juice at bedtime or throughout the day. • Streptococcus mutans, the main type of bacteria that cause tooth decay, use carbohydrates for food. Sticky carbohydrate containing foods as gummy candy, are strong caries promoters, while fats and proteins may have a protective effect on enamel. So choosing good snacks decrease the risk of developing dental caries. • Rinsing the mouth with water or brushing teeth after eating reduces caries formation. Excessive fluoride supplementation, consumption of toothpaste with fluoride, and natural water supplies high in fluoride can cause fluorosis, which produces permanent. Dr/staining of the enamel. 1/25/2022 Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Constipation § Constipation, or hard and dry stools associated with painful bowel movements, is a common problem of young children. § Diets providing adequate dietary fiber for age protect against constipation. § Whole grain breads and cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables the best food sources of dietary fiber. § Too much fiber should be avoided. However, young children easily develop diarrhea from high amounts, and high-fiber foods may displace other energy-dense foods and may decrease the bioavailability of some minerals, such as iron and calcium. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Overweight and obesity § Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children increased and represents a major public health problem. § High energy, high-fat diets coupled with sedentary lifestyles are the major contributors to obesity. § Genetic and environmental factors, foods eaten away from home; and type of diet play a role in obesity. § Health consequences of obesity, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance, occur with increased frequency in obese children than in children of normal weight. § Prevention: üParent techniques, such as never using food as a reward. üHelp children to self-regulate food intake. üIncrease physical activity. üOffer nutrient-dense and not calorie-dense snacks. üFocusing on behavior changes rather than weight changes. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Soft drinks § School-age children consume more soft drinks than preschool-age children, but not as much as adolescents, indicating an increase in consumption with age. § Children with high consumption of regular soft drinks consume less milk. § Soft drinks in-excess are not recommended for school-aged children because they provide empty calories and promote tooth decay. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Food safety § Young children are more vulnerable to food poisoning because they can become ill from smaller doses of organisms. § Outbreaks of E. coli have been associated with ingestion of contaminated, undercooked hamburger meat, unpasteurized apple cider and juice, and unpasteurized milk. § Contamination of food products can occur at any point along the way from production to consumption. Therefore, risk reduction and controls can be targeted at various steps in food processing. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Herbal supplements § The use of herbal remedies for various disorders is increasing today. § Parents and caretakers who take herbs are likely to give these products to their children. § However, some reports have linked herbal preparations to adverse effects. Parents should be advised of the potential risks of herbal therapies and the need for close monitoring of their child if they choose to give herbs to their child. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Physical activity recommendations § It is one of the health behaviors. § Children should achieve optimal physical and cognitive development, attain a healthy weight, enjoy food, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases through appropriate eating habits and participation in regular physical activity. § With the increased prevalence of childhood obesity, increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behaviors become important factors in controlling childhood overweight. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Food guide pyramid My Pyramid for kids targeted at young children. The color-coded pyramid encourages children to consume a variety of foods, make wise food choices from each of the food groups, and limit foods high in fat and sugars. 1/25/2022 FNU: 324 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

My Pyramid for kid’s tips including • Child should be physically active for at least 60 minutes every day. • An appropriate amount of dietary fat is necessary to meet children’s needs for calories, essential fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins, good sources of the essential fatty acid, ex. , linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are flaxseed, peanut, canola, corn, safflower, and other vegetable oils. • It is important to include sources of fat-soluble vitamins in their diets. Good sources of vitamin A include whole eggs and dairy products. • Sources of Vit D include exposure to sunlight and vitamin D–fortified milk. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

• Corn, soybean, and safflower oils are excellent sources of vitamin E. • Vitamin K is widely distributed in both animal and plant foods. • Adequate iron intake is necessary to prevent iron deficiency. Good sources of dietary iron meats. Fortified breakfast cereals, dried beans and peas are good sources of iron. • Adequate Ca intake is important for children to achieve peak bone mass and protective against osteoporosis and fractures later in life. • Fluids: Healthy toddlers and preschoolers should consume enough fluid through water, beverages, foods. Fluid requirements increase with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and when children are in hot, dry, or humid environments. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

• Children seem to like raw vegetables better than cooked ones, so it is wise to offer vegetables that are raw or slightly undercooked. • Foods should be warm, not hot, because a child’s mouth is much more sensitive than an adult’s. • Children prefer foods that are familiar, so offer various foods regularly. • Make mealtimes fun for children. • Snacks can even be mealtime foods served individually over time, when providing snacks to children, think of the five food groups. Provide snacks that are as nutritious as the foods served at mealtime. • Parents are the most important influence on their children’s food habits. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Planning children’s meals • To provide all nutrients needed. • Children’s meals should include a variety of foods from each food group in amounts suited to their appetites and needs. • My Pyramid designed for children (6 -11 Y) includes the recommended amounts of food. • Parents and caregivers need to offer a much greater variety of nutrientdense vegetables and fruits at meals and snacks to ensure adequate nutrition. 1/25/2022 Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324

Course Sources 1. Bernstein Melissa and Mc. Mahon Kimberley (2018). Nutrition Across life stages. World headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning. First edition. Libeary of Congress-in –Publication Data. 2. Judith E. Brown (2014). Nutrition Through the Life Cycle. Isaacs, J. S. , Krinke, U. B. , Murtaugh, M. A. , Sharbaugh, C. , Stang, J. and Wooldridge, N. H. 4 th ed. , Thomson Higher Education, Thomson Wadsworth Corporation. 3. Insel, Paul and others (2007) Nutrition, USA, jones and Bartlett publishers; 3 rd edition. 4. Mahan, Kathleen (2004), Food Nutrition and Diet Therapy, USA, the Curtis center; 11 th edition. 5. Official Websites: �www. mayohealth. org �www. healthfinder. gov �www. eatright. org �lalecheleague. org Dr/ Hala Khattab & Dr/ Manal Mansoury FNU: 324