NonIonizing Radiation includes all kinds of electromagnetic radiations

Non-Ionizing Radiation includes all kinds of electromagnetic radiations with frequencies < 1015 Hz and wavelengths λ = 10 -8 - 104 m. i. e. ultraviolet radiation UV- light , Visible light, Infrared radiation IR-light, Microwaves, Long , Medium, Short, and Ultrashort radiowaves). These elmg. radiations never create electrically charged IONS (cations+ and anions-) when targeting atoms or molecules. γ-Rays X-rays Ion i z i ng UV VL IR MW R a d i o N o n – I o n i z i n g

1. Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-Light) UV Light is invisible radiation with λ = 100 - 400 nm, Sources: natural (Sun), artificial (mercury lamps ) Classification: UVA- long wave, “black-tanning light“ λ = 315 - 400 nm UVB- medium wave, “inflamatory“λ = 280 - 315 nm UVC- short wave, “killing germs“λ = 100 - 280 nm (comes only from artificial sources) Earth is targeted from Sun by UVA (90%) and UVB (10%) lights. 90% of UVB is absorbed by O 3 and O 2 Ozone O 3 and O 2 lower the intensity of UVA and UVB lights and totally absorb UVC light Ozone holes- increase a level of UV radiation!

Effects of UV Radiation on Human Body Skin: Erythema „early red coloured skin inflammation“(appears after 2 -3 hours) Tanning (delayed pigmentation, because production of melanine. ( it starts approx. 24 - 48 hours after exposure) Vitamine D production Skin Aging (Wrinkles, Dry skin, Skin cancermelanoma) Eye: Inflammation- Conjunctivitis, Pain, Cataract IMUNITY: increases. Overexposure - decreases

UV-light: Penetration Through Skin

Protection against UV- light overexposure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Avoid tanning newborns and small children Avoid tanning between 10 a. m. - 2 p. m, when intensity of Sun light is the highest Always take sunscreens- wear glasses with UVA and UVB factors, cover head by wide hats, protect body with summer dress, and use grease without perfums SUNNSCREENS must contain both UV-A and UV B protecting factors (at least No 20 for level of Sun radiation) Do not tan when taking remedies (e. g. antibiotics, sulfonamids, etc. ) Avoid visit solaria frequently - mainly persons with blond hair and light colored skin - do it with care! Skin has its own „memory“ and re-members its burning by UV-light overexposure! Burning of skin in childhood is very dangerous, leading to cancer in adult age, as well ! Take into account the Solar index

2. Mobile Communication- Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radiowaves It is an electromagnetic (elmg. )radiation with frequencies btw. 300 -3000 MHz, and λ = 1 - 0. 1 m Is kind of non-ionizing radiation Is used at TV and Mobile Transmissions Mobile Phones work mostly under frequency 900 and 1800 MHz. Mobile phone is small transceiver, periodically connecting by radiowaves with Basic Mobile Station (BMS are placed on the top of hills, on the roofs, etc. ) The intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a vicinity of BMS is very high and danger for body

Effects of Mobile Radiowaves During calling EM radiation from mobile spre-ads to an environment as a radiosignal. The weaker is a received signal ( e. g. in car, train, or in buildings of steel and concrete) the higher is an intensity of emitted EM radiation. This radiation affects the head, ear, neck also the digits and hand of calling person on the side where a phone is taken by hand.

Absorbtion of Mobile Radiowaves by Body The depht of penetration of mobile radiation to tissues is 1 -2 cm (affecting mostly the brain structures). The index for Specific Rate of Absorbtion (SAR ) for brain tissue was established. N= 1. 6 - 2. 0 (W. kg-1) For a particular value of SAR in different types of phones see the box where the mobile is stored. The intensity of mobile radiation is low (2 W), however in brain, the intensity may be add together (summated) above normal value of SAR. Thus, the effects depend both on an intensity of mobile EM radiation and a time of calling (exposure)

Biological Effects of Mobile Radiowaves 1. Thermal Effects- passing the tissue radiowaves create heat - temperature within the brain rises up ( approx. 0. 10 C during 12 min. time of phone call), and this, in turn may damage the neurons. Disorders of the optic and cochlear nerves were also published lately. Also a lower production of hormon melatonine was found. Subjectivelly, persons are complainted on : burning and itching of skin with erythema, some feeling of heat in the ear, bad concentration, sleeping disorders, etc. 2. Non Thermal Effects- to-date mechanisms are obscure, however scientists presume possibility for appearance of brain cancer e. g. astrocytoma (with location at the side of head, that is directly touched by phone)

How to use mobiles safely? - - Buy only phones with SAR <1. 6 (W. kg-1): look for SAR number being placed on the box Do not call when driving or travelling by train (i. e. avoid do make calls at all places with low signal !) Do not call over 2 minutes, as well. Rather use „hands free“ set. Do not touch the head with an antena Do not allow children ( at least till 6 years of age) to use and make calls from mobiles In patients with cardiostimulator (pacemaker) store the mobile in pocket at least 20 cm from pacemaker and heart (usually on an opposite side of body)

Ionizing Radiation Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays (or photons) X-Rays (or photons) Neutrons

Ionizing Radiation : Alpha Particles: 2 neutrons and 2 protons They travel short distances, have large mass Only a hazard when inhaled

Ionizing Radiation: Beta Particles: Electrons or positrons having small mass and variable energy. Electrons form when a neutron transforms into a proton and an electron or:

Ionizing Radiation: Gamma Rays (or photons): Result when the nucleus releases Energy, usually after an alpha, beta or positron transition

Ionizing Radiation: X-Rays: Occur whenever an inner shell orbital electron is removed and rearrangement of the atomic electrons results with the release of the elements characteristic X-Ray energy

Ionizing Radiation: Neutrons: Have the same mass as protons but are uncharged They behave like bowling balls

Radioactivity: Elements & Atoms are composed of smaller particles referred to as: • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons

Ionization Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable atoms because they have an excess of energy or mass or both. Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass. These emissions are called radiation.

Types or Products of Ionizing Radiation neutron or X-ray

Radioactive Atom Ionizing Radiation alpha particle X-ray beta particle gamma ray

Direct Ionization Caused By: Protons Alpha Particles Beta Particles Positron Particles

Indirect Ionization Caused By: Neutrons Gamma Rays X-Rays

Ionizing Radiation at the Cellular Level Causes breaks in one or both DNA strands or; Causes Free Radical formation

Commonly Transported Radioisotopes Americium-241= Diagnose thyroid disorders, smoke detectors. Cesium-137= Cancer treatment. Iodine-125, 131= Diagnosis & treatment liver, kidney, heart, lung and brain. Technetium-99 m=Bone and brain imaging; thyroid and liver studies; localization of brain tumors.

Radiation Measurement Terminology: • Exposure rate = amount radiation possible to receive per unit time. • Dose = total amount of radiation received.

Background Early risk associated with use of ionizing radiation skin erythema dose - 25 yrs 1928 - ROENTGEN introduced by ICRP

Roentgen l Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen (thus the abbr. . . is capital “R”) Pronounced rent’gen with a hard “g” Limitations • only applies to photons • only applies in air • only applies to energies less than 3 Me. V

rad 1 rad = 1 Roentgen

rem l Roentgen Equivalent Man The unit of dose equivalent for any type of ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissue in terms of estimated biological effect - Unit of dose equivalent Dose in health record is in units of rem 1 rem = 1 Roentgen

Quality Factor (Q) The specific value that accounts for the ability of different types of ionizing radiation to cause varying degrees of biological damage • X-rays, gamma rays, & beta particles 1 • Neutrons & High energy protons 10 • Alpha Particles 20

Curie (Ci) l Named in honor of Pierre Curie Radiation hazard does not solely depend on the activity. It also depends on the type of decay (alpha, beta, photon, etc. )

New Terms sort of International Units have replaced the RAD and REM GRAY (Gy) = 100 RAD SIEVERT (Sv) = 100 REM Same Quality Factors apply to the Sv

Units of Radioactivity Curie (Ci) = 2. 22 E 12 dpm or 3. 7 E 10 dps Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps Maximum Dose/year = 5 REM or 50 m. Sv Maximum Dose/year for Declared Pregnant Woman & Minors= 0. 5 REM or 5 m. Sv

Half Life Calculation

Dose Response Relationships 0 -150 rem—No or minimal symptoms 150 -400 rem—Moderate to severe illness 400 -800 rem—Severe illness deaths start above 500 rem Above 800 rem—Fatal ***Acute whole body doses

Your Annual Exposure Activity Smoking Typical Dose 280 millirem/year Radioactive materials use in a UM lab <10 millirem/year Dental x-ray Chest x-ray Drinking water Cross country round trip by air Coal Burning power plant 10 millirem per xray 8 millirem per xray 5 millirem/year 5 millirem per trip 0. 165 millirem/year