Ionizing and NonIonizing Radiation Induced Adaptive Response Findings

Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation. Induced Adaptive Response: Findings From Earth to Space SMJ Mortazavi Prof. of Medical Physics Shiraz University of Medical Sciences mmortazavi@sums. ac. ir 1

Paracelsus (1493 -1541) • "All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. • The right dose differentiates a poison…. " Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 2

Hormesis • All chemical substances will exhibit a toxic effect given a large enough dose. • If the dose is low enough even a highly toxic substance will cease to cause a harmful effect. • The toxic potency of a chemical is thus ultimately defined by the dose (the amount) of the chemical that will produce a specific response in a specific biological system. • Source: http: //learn. caim. yale. edu/chemsafe/references/dose. html Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 3

LNT & Radiation Hormesis • The radiation hormesis model, unlike the LNT model, assumes that adaptive/protective mechanisms can be stimulated by low-dose radiation and that they can prevent both spontaneous and toxicant-related cancers as well as other adverse health effects (Calabrese et al. 2007). Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 4

Natural radiation deficiency symptoms It has been long known that protozoa and bacteria exposed to artificially lowered levels of natural radiation demonstrate deficiency symptoms expressed as dramatically decreased proliferation. Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 5

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10 Radon & Lung Cancer in Ramsar, Iran Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radon levels in some dwellings are up to 3700 Bq/m 3 (over 100 p. Ci/L). The people and their ancestors exposed to abnormally high radiation levels over many generations. If a radiation dose of a few hundred m. Sv per year is detrimental to health causing genetic abnormalities or an increased risk of cancer, it should be evident in these people. Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

11 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Study Design • Ramsar was divided into eight health districts and a health center provided primary health services in each health district. • Indoor radon concentration levels were previously measured in each dwelling by the Iranian Nuclear Regulatory Authority experts. Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

12 Cancer Mortality Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • The overall cancer mortality, lung cancer mortality and neonatal death rate of different districts in the years from 2000 to 2001 were collected. • The radon prone houses were located in a district named Ramak. Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

13 Surprising Results Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Our study showed that the highest lung cancer mortality rate was in Galesh Mahaleeh, where the radon levels were normal. • On the other hand, the lowest lung cancer mortality rate was in Ramak, where the highest concentrations of radon in the dwellings were found Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

14 Crude Lung Cancer Rate Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

Adjusted Lung Cancer Rate 15 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Mortazavi SMJ, M. Ghiassi-Nejad and M. Rezaiean. Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran in: High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, T. Sugahara, M. Morishima, M. Sohrabi, Y Sasaki, I. Hayata, and S. Akiba Eds, pp. 436 -437, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.

16 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D The Study of Tumor Markers in High Background Radiation Areas Source: S Taeb, SMJ Mortazavi, A Ghaderi, H Mozdarani, MR Kardan, SAR Mortazavi, A Soleimani, I Nikokar, M Haghani, A Soofi. Alterations of PSA, CA 15. 3, CA 125, Cyfra 211, CEA, CA 19. 9, AFP and Tag 72 tumor markers in human blood serum due to long term exposure to high levels of natural background radiation in Ramsar, Iran. International Journal of Radiation Research. in press.

17 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Why Tumor Markers? • Recently, as no excess cancer rate was reported in these areas by epidemiological studies, we studied the tumor markers in the inhabitants of these areas to shed some light on the impact of high levels of background radiation on cancer induction.

18 Methods Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • The level of background gamma radiation as well as indoor radon was determined using RDS-110 and CR dosimeters. • Thirty five individuals from a high background radiation area (HBRA) and 35 individuals from a normal background radiation area (NBRA) were randomly selected to participate in the study. • Commercial ELISA kits (sandwich type ELISA tests) were used to measure the serum levels of PSA, CA 15. 3, CA 125, Cyfra 21 -1, CEA, CA 19. 9, AFP and Tag 72 tumor markers.

19 Results Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Among the eight biomarkers investigated, the means of PSA, CA 15. 3, CA 125, CA 19. 9 and AFP concentrations between the HBRAs and NBRAs were not different. • However, Cyfra 21, CEA and Tag 72 in HBRA group revealed significant increases compared to those of NBRA group (P<0. 05). • Statistically significant correlation between the external gamma dose as well as indoor radon level and the concentration of CEA (P<0. 001), Cyfra 21(P<0. 001) and TAG 72 (P<0. 001 and 0. 01 respectively) biomarkers were also observed.

Adaptive Response? Is it different from Radiation Hormesis? What is Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 20

21 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Adaptive Response When large radiation exposure is preceded by a small “tickle” dose, the effect of the large dose is sometimes diminished

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23 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Adaptive Response Mechanisms Small doses of radiation appear to: Stimulate protective responses Triggering DNA repair mechanisms Elimination of severely damaged cells

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25 Adaptive response is specific There seems to be a genetic basis for adaptive response, since it is demonstrated only in specific cell lines, tissues, animal lines and individuals. It is demonstrated only for specific biological changes. Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D

26 Genetic Basis? Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Mortazavi SMJ, Ikushima T, and Mozdarani H. Variability of chromosomal radioadaptive response in human lymphocytes. Iran. J. Radat. Res. , 1(1): 55 - 61, 2003.

27 Genetic Basis? Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D

28 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Natural Radiation & Adaptive Response High levels of natural radiation can induce adaptive responses

29 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Two survey meters show dose rates of 142 and 143 µSv/h on contact with a bedroom wall

30 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D The 1 st report on the induction of adaptive response in the residents of High Background Radiation Areas (HBRAs) 105 citations recorded by Web of Science

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34 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response

35 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response • In 2009, it was found for the 1 st time that preexposure of cultured cells to radiofrequency radiation induced an adaptive response which increased the resistance of these cells to mytomycin C (Sannino et al. , 2009 a).

36 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response Mortazavi et al. also found that laboratory animals pre-irradiated with radiofrequency radiation were less susceptible to subsequent lethal effects of high doses of ionizing radiation (Mortazavi et al. , 2011 a, Mortazavi et al. , 2012 a). These findings later confirmed by our subsequent reports (Mortazavi et al. , 2011 b, Mortazavi et al, 2012 a) as well as the very limited published reports that investigated the induction of adaptive response after pre-treatment with microwave radiation (Cao et al. , 2011, Jiang et al. , 2012, Sannino et al. , 2009 b, Sannino et al. , 2011, Zeni et al. , 2012).

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39 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response As indicated before, Sannino et al. had previously reported that pre-exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from human volunteers to nonionizing RF radiation (900 MHz, at a peak specific absorption rate of 10 W/kg for 20 h) increases their resistance to a challenge dose of mitomycin C (100 ng/ml at 48 h) (Sannino, Sarti, 2009 b). Later, they confirmed their previous results and showed that the timing of adapting dose exposure of radiofrequency plays an important role in the process of adaptive response induction (Sannino, Zeni, 2011). 2012).

40 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response On the other hand, Chinese researchers have recently shown that pre-exposure of mice to non-ionizing 900 MHz RF induced adaptive response and thus reduced the hematopoietic tissue damage from a subsequent challenge dose of ionizing radiation (Cao, Xu, 2011). Zeni et al. also showed that when lymphocytes were pre-exposed to RF at 0. 3 W/kg SAR and then treated with mitomycin C, these cells showed a significant reduction in the frequency of micronuclei, compared with the cells treated with MMC alone (Zeni, Sannino, 2012).

41 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response Jiang et al. also recently used a relatively similar method as we did previously (using the gamma radiation as the challenge dose) and indicated that mice pre-exposed to RF for 3, 5, 7 and 14 days showed progressively decreased damage and were significantly different from those exposed to gammaradiation alone (Jiang, Nie, 2012). It has also been reported that pre-exposure of Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 1 hour/day for 3 days had a protective effect in hematopoietic tissue damage induced by doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug (Jin et al. , 2012).

42 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response • More recently, Jiang et al. used the micronuclei (MN) assay as the endpoint and showed that exposure of mice to both adapting (900 MHz RF radiation) and challenge (3 Gy gammaradiation) doses (AD+CD) resulted in a significant decrease in MN indices compared to those exposed to CD alone (Jiang et al. , 2013).

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44 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Window Theory

45 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D RE Mitchel: “the adaptive response in mammalian cells and mammals operates within a certain window that can be defined by upper and lower dose thresholds, typically between about 1 and 100 m. Gy for a single low dose rate exposure” (Mitchel 2010)

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48 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Doxorubicin • Doxorubicin (DOX or adriamycin) is the most commonly used anticancer drug because of its efficacy against various tumors. • Like many other chemotherapeutic drugs, administration of DOX has toxic effects on hematopoietic cells Jin et al. 2012

49 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Minimum power density • A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the minimum power density needed for 900 MHz RF pre-exposure to minimize the damage induced by subsequent exposure to DOX. • Cells were pre-exposed to 900 MHz RF at 12, 120 and 1200 m. W/cm 2 power density for 1 hour/day for 3 days. Jin et al. 2012

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52 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Window Theory in Non-Ionizing Radiation-Induced Adaptive Responses Dear Editor, I read with great interest an article by Jin et al. “The Effect of Combined Exposure of 900 MHz Radiofrequency Fields and Doxorubicin in HL-60 Cells", published in the Sep 2012 issue of PLOS ONE Journal (Jin et al. 2012). The authors of the article reported some interesting findings on the induction of adaptive response by pre-exposure of HL-60 Cells to radiofrequency (RF) radiations. As summarized in Table 1, the viability of the cells exposed to DOX alone was 70. 2 ± 0. 2 while when cells were exposed to 900 MHz RF radiation at 12 μW/cm 2 before treatment with DOX, the viability was 82. 8 ± 2. 1 (P<0. 01). RF exposure at higher power densities significantly decreased the viability (60. 7 ± 0. 5 and 58. 6 ± 0. 5 for 120 μW/cm 2 and 1200 μW/cm 2, respectively). On the other hand they reported that they had previously conducted a preliminary experiment to determine the minimum power density for RF preexposures to minimize the damage induced by subsequent exposure to DOX.

Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Non-responsiveness Phenomenon Lack of AR in Some Individuals Reported by: • Ikushima, T. , and Mortazavi SMJ. Radioadaptive response: its variability in cultured human lymphocytes, In: Biological effects of low dose radiation, Yamada T, Mothersil C, Mich BD and Potten CS (eds), pp 81 -86, 2000. • Mortazavi SMJ, Ikushima T, and Mozdarani H. Variability of chromosomal radioadaptive response in human lymphocytes. Iran. J. Radat. Res. , 1(1): 55 - 61, 2003. 53

54 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Immunological Implications of RF-Induced Adaptive Response

55 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Immune System & Space Research Immune system is highly susceptible to different stressors exist during space flight (Gridley et al. , 2009). Dysregulation of the immune system during and immediately following space missions (Crucian et al. , 2011, Crucian et al. , 2008). Despite the well-known reversible immunological alterations in short-term spaceflights, the bioeffects of long-duration spaceflight on neuroimmune responses have not been completely known so far (Stowe et al. , 2011). Solar and galactic radiation are associated with increased risk of infection during long term stay of human outside the Earth’s magnetic field (Zhou et al. , 2012).

56 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Implications of RF-Induced Adaptive Response • Mortazavi et al. have also recently shown that pre-exposure of BALB/c mice to radiofrequency radiation emitted from a GSM mobile phone increases their resistance to a subsequent bacterial infection (E. coli infection) (Mortazavi et al. , 2012 b).

57 Implications of RF-Induced Adaptive Response Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Although there is a report by Plews et al. that indicates the induction of adaptive response induced by low-dose whole-body radiation treatments prolonged the survival of prion-infected mice by reducing oxidative stress (Plews et al. , 2010), to the best of our knowledge our study was the first study which showed the induction of adaptive response as prolonged survival of Escherichia coli-infected BALB/c mice by pre-exposure to radiofrequency radiation (non-ionizing radiation).

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61 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Source: Mortazavi SMJ, Motamedifar M, Mehdizadeh AR, Namdari G, Taheri M. The Effect of Pre-exposure to Radiofrequency Radiations Emitted from a GSM Mobile Phone on the Suseptibility of BALB/c Mice to Escherichia coli. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering. 2012; 2(4): 139 -46.

62 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Adaptive Response in Space Research • Concluding Remark: • Exposure of astronauts to continuous isotropic galactic cosmic radiation or low levels of radiofrequency radiation can increase their resistance against solar particle events or infections caused by life-threatening microorganisms.

63 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Implications of RF-Induced Adaptive Response in Space Research

64 Adaptive Response in Space Research Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D In a report entitled “Adaptive response studies may help choose astronauts for long-term space travel”, which published in "Advances in Space Research" (Mortazavi et al. , 2003), it was previously hypothesized that screening of the candidates of deep space missions by Ground-based in vitro adaptive response tests before any mission can be used to identify the individuals who respond well to low levels of ionizing radiation and reveal high magnitudes of radioadaptive response (Mortazavi et al. , 2005).

65 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D 2003 25 citations according to Scopus

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67 Two years after Mortazavi et al 2003 report, NASA agrees that adaptive response is a puzzling issue in space radiobiology • 2005 -Cancer specialist Dr. John Dicello • “Cells often react in unexpected ways to radiation, notes Dicello. For example, there's a puzzling phenomenon known as adaptive response. Sometimes, when tissue is exposed to damaging radiation, it not only repairs itself, but also learns to repair itself better next time. How that works is still being investigated” • “The damage could be less than the two kinds added together -- or it could be more! There could, perhaps, be an adaptive response in which lightweight solar protons stimulate repair processes to help reduce the effects of the heavy cosmic ray ions. Or something totally unexpected could happen”. • Mysterious Cancer http: //science. nasa. gov/ Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D

68 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Four years after Mortazavi et al 2003 report, in 2007: George et al. 2007: “This study of adaptive response is very interesting and it is important that the phenomenon be investigated further.

69 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Durante and Manti 2008: • “Another possibility is that an adaptive response to the space environment takes place after the first exposure, which may confer the exposed individual an increased radioresistance. Such a response would be similar to that hypothesized to explain the apparent lack of adverse health effects in VHBRA and HBRA residents. As pointed out by Mortazavi et al. (2003), radiobiological studies on these areas may lead to the identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which susceptibility to genetic damage and cancer is decreased by chronic radiation exposure, hence helping the astronaut selection process. ”

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71 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D Mortazavi et al. , Advances in Space Research, Vol 31, No. 6, 1543 -1552, 2003

72 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D RF-Induced Adaptive Response in Space Research • Different methods that can be used for reducing the risk of radiation during deep space missions

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78 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Marnett, L. J. , Riggins, J. N. , West, J. D. Endogenous generation of reactive oxidants and electrophiles and their reactions with DNA and protein. J Clin Invest 111, 583 -93, 2003. • Maynard, S. , Schurman, S. H. , Harboe, C. , de Souza-Pinto, N. C. , Bohr, V. A. Base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage and association with cancer and aging. Carcinogenesis 30, 2 -10, 2009. • Mitchel, R. E. The dose window for radiation-induced protective adaptive responses. Dose Response 8, 192 -208, 2010. • Mortazavi, S. , Cameron, J. , Niroomand-Rad, A. The life saving role of radioadaptive responses in long-term interplanetary space journeys. Elsevier, pp. 266 -7, 2005. • Mortazavi, S. , Mosleh-Shirazi, M. , Tavassoli, A. , et al. A comparative study on the increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays after exposure to microwave radiation and oral intake of flaxseed oil. Iranian Journal of Radiation Research 9, 9 -14, 2011 a. • Mortazavi, S. M. , Cameron, J. R. , Niroomand-rad, A. Adaptive response studies may help choose astronauts for long-term space travel. Adv Space Res 31, 1543 -51, 2003. • Mortazavi, S. M. J. Window Theory in Non-Ionizing Radiation-Induced Adaptive Responses. , . . Dose Response in press, 2013. • Mortazavi, S. M. J. , Mosleh-Shirazi, M. A. , Tavassoli, A. R. , et al. A comparative study on the increased radioresistance to lethal doses of gamma rays after exposure to microwave radiation and oral intake of flaxseed oil. Iranian Journal of Radiation Research 9, 9 -14, 2011 b. • Mortazavi, S. M. J. , Mosleh-Shirazi, M. A. , Tavassoli, A. R. , et al. Increased Radioresistance to Lethal Doses of Gamma Rays in Mice and Rats after Exposure to Microwave Radiation Emitted by a GSM Mobile Phone Simulator. Dose Response in press, 2012 a.

79 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Mortazavi, S. M. J. , Motamedifar, M. , Namdari, G. , Taheri, M. Pre-exposure to Radiofrequency Radiations Emitted from a GSM Mobile Phone Increases Resistance to a Bacterial Infection in BALB/c Mice. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering in press, 2012 b. • Mortazavi, S. M. J. , Motamedifar, M. , Namdari, G. , Taheri, M. , Mortazavi, A. R. Counterbalancing immunosuppression-induced infections during long-term stay of humans in space. Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas 7, 8– 10, 2013. • Mortazavi SMJ. Space radiobiology and the new era of induced radioresistance: Should traditional concepts be moved to science history museums? Technology and Health Care. 2013 in press. • Murray, D. , Allalunis-Turner, M. , Weinfeld, M. VIIIth International Workshop on Radiation Damage to DNA. Int J Radiat Biol 81, 327 -37, 2005. • Olivieri, G. , Bodycote, J. , Wolff, S. Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine. Science 223, 594 -7, 1984. • Ozgur, E. , Guler, G. , Seyhan, N. Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int J Radiat Biol 86, 935 -45, 2010. • Plews, M. , Simon, S. L. , Boreham, D. R. , et al. A radiation-induced adaptive response prolongs the survival of prion-infected mice. Free Radic Biol Med 49, 1417 -21, 2010. • Samson, L. , Cairns, J. A new pathway for DNA repair in Escherichia coli. 1977. • Sannino, A. , Sarti, M. , Reddy, S. B. , Prihoda, T. J. , Scarfì, M. R. Induction of adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Radiation research 171, 735 -42, 2009 a. • Sannino, A. , Sarti, M. , Reddy, S. B. , Prihoda, T. J. , Vijayalaxmi, Scarfi, M. R. Induction of adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Radiat Res 171, 73542, 2009 b.

80 Mortazavi SMJ, Ph. D • Sannino, A. , Zeni, O. , Sarti, M. , et al. Induction of adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields: Influence of cell cycle. Int J Radiat Biol, 2011. • Scott, B. R. , Walker, D. M. , Tesfaigzi, Y. , Schollnberger, H. , Walker, V. Mechanistic basis for nonlinear dose-response relationships for low-dose radiation-induced stochastic effects. Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med 1, 93 -122, 2003. • Stowe, R. P. , Sams, C. F. , Pierson, D. L. Adrenocortical and immune responses following short- and long-duration spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med 82, 627 -34, 2011. • Tapio, S. , Jacob, V. Radioadaptive response revisited. Radiat Environ Biophys 46, 1 -12, 2007. • UNSCEAR. SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION, UNSCEAR 1994 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 1994 • Yan, G. , Hua, Z. , Du, G. , Chen, J. Adaptive response of Bacillus sp. F 26 to hydrogen peroxide and menadione. Curr Microbiol 52, 238 -42, 2006. • Zdrojewicz, Z. , Strzelczyk, J. J. Radon treatment controversy. Dose Response 4, 106 -18, 2006. • Zeni, O. , Sannino, A. , Romeo, S. , et al. Induction of an adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency fields: Influence of the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) signal and the specific absorption rate. Mutat Res, 2012. • Zhou, Y. , Ni, H. , Li, M. , et al. Effect of solar particle event radiation and hindlimb suspension on gastrointestinal tract bacterial translocation and immune activation. PLo. S One 7, e 44329, 2012.

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